Serum Potassium, Phosphate, and Calcium Levels and Their Correlation with eGFR in Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseas
Keywords:
CKD, eGFR, Potassium, Phosphate, CalciumAbstract
A chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a persistent disease that is associated with kidney functions and the corresponding electrolyte homeostasis imbalance. The study was aimed to compare the serum background levels of potassium, phosphate and calcium in CKD patients versus healthy controls and provide the association between each and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Seventy study participants were recruited including fifty CKD patients and twenty of controls. Serum electrolytes were identified with the help of traditional biochemical methods, eGFR was estimated with the help of CKD-EPI formula. The results indicated that the potassium and phosphate levels were very high and calcium was very low in CKD patients in comparison to controls (p < 0.05). Also, eGFR was negatively correlated with potassium and phosphate and positively correlated with calcium, which indicates that electrolyte imbalances increase with a decreating renal condition. These studies indicate that monitoring of electrolytes in serum ought to be done as an indicator of the degree of the disease and metabolic complications in CKD.
References
Bargman JM, Skorecki K. Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012: P2308.
National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39: 1-266.
Hossain MDS, Akter-Uz-Zaman KMD, Amin MN, Ahammed R, Haque MDE, Ibrahim MD et al. Association of biochemical parameters with renal functions of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients of Bangladesh. J Bioanal Biomed. 2017; 9: 294-298.
Kamil, A. M., Hussain, M., Hassan, A. A., Kadoori, Y. T., & Ahmad, S. J. (2018). Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus Oils Enhance Hepatic and Renal Tissues Regeneration in White Mice. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science, 29(4).Hsu CY, Bates DW, Kuperman GJ, Curhan GC. Relationship between hematocrit and renal function in men and women. Kidney International. 2001; 59: 725-731.
Locatelli F, Pozzoni P, Del VL. Recombinant Human Epoietin beta in the treatment of renal anemia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007; 3: 433-439.
Katz I. Kidney and kidney related chronic diseases in South Africa and chronic disease intervention program experiences. Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2005; 12: 14-21.
Amin N, Mahmood RT, Asad MJ, Zafar M,and Raja AM. Evaluating urea and creatinine levels in chronic renal failure pre and post dialysis: a prospective study. JCVD. 2014; 2(4): 182-185.
Gathwan, K. H., Albir, A. A., & Attia, S. J. (2023). The Measurement of Activity of the Ca2+ _Mg2+ ATPase in Membranous Vesicles Isolated from Smooth Muscle of Ileum in Rats Treated with Ultraviolet Radiation. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science, 34(3), 10-14.
Merzah KS, Hasson SF. The Biochemical Changes in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure. Int J Pharm Med Biol Sci. 2015; 4: 75-79.
Nisha R, Srinivasa Kannan SR, Thanga Mariappan K. Biochemical evaluation of creatinine and urea in patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. J Clin Path Lab Med. 2017; 1(2): 1-5.
García CA, Cielo HM, Cáceres ED, Restrepo CA. Importance of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease, how to avoid it and treat it by nutritional measures. Rev. Colomb. Nefrol. 2017; 4(1): 24-41.
13. Singh S, Upadhyay DK, Aryal G. Value of Calcium and Phosphorous in chronic kidney disease patients under hemodialysis: A retrospective study. Journal of Pathology of Nepal. 2012; 2: 293-296.
Gavali, L. V., Mohammed, A. A., Al-Ogaili, M. J., Gaikwad, S. H., Kulkarni, M., Das, R., & Ubale, P. A. (2024). Novel terephthalaldehyde bis (thiosemicarbazone) Schiff base ligand and its transition metal complexes as antibacterial Agents: Synthesis, characterization and biological investigations. Results in Chemistry, 7, 101316.
AL-Hisnawi RAAA, Salih H. A study of some biochemical changes in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014; 3(5): 581-586.
Khamees, H. H., Mohammed, A. A., Hussein, S. A. M., Ahmed, M. A., & Raoof, A. S. M. (2024). In-Silico study of Destabilizing Alzheimer’s Aβ42 Protofibrils with Curcumin. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Health, 10(05), 76-84.
Mahdavi MM, Zamyadi M, Norouzi S, Heidary RA. Management of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Hemodialysis Patients in Tehran Province, Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2007; 1: 25-28.
Nadaf, N. H., Mohammed, A. A., & Nadaf, S. H. (2025). Inspiration from Natural Biomass Utilization System for a Sustainable Lignocellulosic Refinery. In Recent Trends in Lignocellulosic Biofuels and Bioenergy: Advancements and Sustainability Assessment (pp. 123-141). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Sonawane, K. D., Barale, S. S., Dhanavade, M. J., Waghmare, S. R., Nadaf, N. H., Kamble, S. A., ... & More, V. B. (2021). Structural insights and inhibition mechanism of TMPRSS2 by experimentally known inhibitors Camostat mesylate, Nafamostat and Bromhexine hydrochloride to control SARS-coronavirus-2: A molecular modeling approach. Informatics in medicine unlocked, 24, 100597.
Sharba, M. M., Mohammed, A. A., & Mohammed, S. F. (2022). Isolation and Characterization of tannase from isolated Bacillus subtilis.
Dessypris EN, Sawyer ST. Erythropoiesis. In: Greer JP, Foerster J, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F, Glader B, Arber DA. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009: P120.
