MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF RABIES VIRUS NEUROINVASION AND PATHOGENICITY: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Rabies is a major global health problem that kills approximately 59,000 people each year, mostly in developing regions. The rabies virus (Rabies lyssavirus) is a unique neurotropic virus that can invade the nervous system, escape host immune responses and produce a truly devastating nervous system disease. The molecular insights into rabies virus neuroinvasion and pathogenicity, reviewed in this paper, are described in a comprehensive overview. Structural and genomic characteristics of the virus, neuroinvasion mechanisms, and pathologic effects on the host are discussed. Additionally, we discuss the viral strategies they use to evade the host’s immune responses. We then review the challenges to current therapeutic approaches, including post exposure prophylaxis and vaccination. We conclude with suggestions of future research directed towards development of better prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for rabies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muntaha R. Ibraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS ADMINISTRATION ON INFECTION SUBSEQUENT TO DENTAL EXTRACTION
Aims: The purpose of the current research is to estimate the effectiveness of antibiotic administration on socket healing and postoperative pain following dental extraction. Materials and Methods: The research included 40 healthy patients between 20-35 years with an asymptomatic tooth at the time of extraction. Patients were randomly divided into four groups, three groups with antibiotics group [group 1: Augmentin; group 2: Azithromycin; group 3: Cefuroxime, and one group without antibiotics (control group)]. Patients were assessed on the fifth postoperative day to measure the socket healing and postoperative pain after extraction. Results: There were statistically significant differences in socket healing and postoperative pain between the three antibiotic groups and Control groups on the fifth postoperative day. Augmentin and Azithromycin have a better effect on socket healing and postoperative pain control than cefuroxime. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that antibiotic administration after the extraction of teeth reduces pain and accelerates socket healing.
Copyright (c) 2025 AHMED ABDUL KAREEM, SABER MIZHER, AHMED AMER, SOHAIB QAIS, SAIF SAAD, ALI SAAD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cognitive benefits of good nutrition: Investigating memory performance in young adults
Background: During early adulthood Nutrition plays a pivotal role in supporting cognitive functions. Evidence suggests that nutritional deficiencies and imbalanced dietary habits are associated with impaired cognitive performance. However, the precise relationship between specific nutritional indicators and memory in young adults remains insufficiently elucidated. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the association between nutritional status and memory performance among young adults, focusing on how anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary factors may influence cognitive functioning. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 106 healthy participants aged 20–22 years. A well-structured questionnaire and blood analysis was performed for data collection regarding sociodemographic data, Nutritional status and dietary profile. Memory performance was evaluated using the PGI Memory Scale. Results: Underweight individuals showed the highest proportion of below-average memory scores, with a statistically significant association between BMI and memory performance in this group. In contrast, participants with normal, overweight, and obese BMI categories exhibited higher proportions of average to excellent memory, though without statistically significant associations. Dietary analysis indicated a balanced intake of cereals, pulses, vegetables, and fruits, but also revealed a high frequency of fast food and sugary item consumption, suggesting a mixed dietary pattern among participants. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant link between undernutrition and reduced memory performance in young adults, emphasizing the importance of balanced dietary habits during early adulthood. consistent nutritional monitoring and public health strategies are essential to promote cognitive health and prevent the adverse effects of poor dietary patterns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pavana Krishnamoorthy, Dr. Shreelaxmi V Hegde https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERIODONTAL DISEASE THE INVISIBLE (FORGOTTEN) DIABETES COMPLICATION: NEGATIVE IMPACT IN QUALITY OF LIFE
Abstract Introduction: Periodontal disease and diabetes are prevalent, intricate, and chronic conditions characterized by well-established bidirectional relationships. Specifically, in the context of inadequate glycemic control, individuals with diabetes manifest an elevated prevalence and severity of periodontitis. Conversely, severe periodontitis is associated with compromised glycemic control. Interestingly, it is uncommon for healthcare providers managing diabetic patients to incorporate routine oral examinations as part of their comprehensive care, despite the intrinsic connection between periodontitis and oral health. This stands in contrast to other commonly assessed conditions such as retinopathy, neuropathy, or renal status. This disparity is notable both in the initial management and throughout the chronic care of diabetic individuals. Methods: A total of 220 individuals diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes were intentionally selected from the Diabetes and Stomatology Clinic at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. The selection process involved a thorough review by the hospital's dental team to ensure adherence to specific inclusion criteria. These criteria included individuals aged between 34 and 64 years, with HbA1c levels less than 9. This deliberate patient selection process aimed to maintain a focused and homogeneous study population for robust research outcomes. Results: In our study, lower HbA1c levels were consistently linked to better periodontal health, emphasizing the association between glycemic control and oral well-being. This trend is evident across different CPI categories, reaffirming the inverse relationship between HbA1c levels and periodontal health. Conclusion: This study underscores the intricate link between diabetes and periodontal disease, urging expanded care for individuals with diabetes. Integrating routine dental assessments can enhance overall health outcomes. Further research and awareness are crucial for a holistic diabetes care approach, emphasizing the need for additional studies. Zenodo DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14543220
Copyright (c) 2024 Carlos Hernàndez H, Vanessa Ruiz- González, Azael Salinas- Arteaga, Claudio Sanchez- Pizarro, Cruz Bautista, I, Almeda Valdés, P, Adrian Soto- Mota https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREDICTING FERTILITY STATUS BY ADJUSTING FOR TIES IN A MATCHED SAMPLED POPULATION IN EBONYI STATE USING MEDIAN TEST
Background and Aim of the study: The use of nonparametric methods in statistical procedures occurs when samples drawn fails to satisfy the necessary assumptions of continuity and normality required for their use by their parametric counterpart. We proposed and developed ties adjusted median test for determining desired fertility goals in a paired sampled population. This is an improved alternative to the ordinary Sign test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Methodology: The proposed method adapted the method of extended median test for matched samples but in this case adjusted for possible tied observations in the data where observations or scores may be measurements on as low as the ordinal scale. Chi-square test statistic of null hypothesis of equality of population or treatment medians was used. Results: The data for illustrating the proposed method was drawn from the actual and desired family sizes of a random sample of women from a certain community. Applying the data in testing the null hypothesis that women from the community sampled do not differ in the actual and desired number of children showed that Using the same data, sign test gave P-value=0.0193 while Wilcoxon Signed Rank test gave P-value=0.0139 Conclusions: Results showed that the proposed method is more powerful than the ordinary Sign test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test at 5% significant level and hence is likely to have a higher probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis.
Copyright (c) 2024 Okeh, Uchechukwu Marius, Emeji Emmanuel Ogwah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF TIME ON FLUORIDE RELEASE FROM RIVA LIGHT CURE AND CENTION FORTE
Background: Dental restorative materials used for pedodontic patients play a critical role in clinical success, influenced by their water absorption and solubility characteristics in the oral environment. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the fluoride release of Riva Light Cure and Cention Forte after four different time periods. Materials and Methods: For fluoride release, ion-specific electrodes measured cumulative release at 24 hours, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks. Forty samples were fabricated. Statistical analyses were performed using Welch’s t-test to compare the means of Riva Light Cure and Cention Forte at each time point and a post-hoc Tukey’s test. The effect size was calculated using Cohen’s d. Additionally, 95% confidence intervals were determined for the mean differences between the groups to evaluate the precision of the estimates. Results: Fluoride release analysis showed a statistically significant difference. Riva Light Cure exhibited the highest cumulative fluoride release (39.448 ± 2.077) followed by Cention forte (27.731±0.894). Cention Forte displayed an initial burst effect with high fluoride release at 24 hours. while Riva Light Cure exhibited the highest cumulative fluoride release at 6 weeks. The effect size (Cohen’s d = 7.33) confirmed a very large difference, and the 95% confidence interval (10.10–13.33) supported the reliability of the findings Conclusion: These findings aid clinicians in selecting suitable restorative materials based on fluoride dynamics, water absorption, and solubility to optimize oral health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sohaib Qais Alwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation, Identification and Evaluation of Antibacterial Resistance in Kocuria Kristinae Isolated from Pneumoniae Patients in Hospitals in Iraq
Kocuria kristinae is a bacterium classified as a gram-positive aerobic, and it is a member of the normal flora of skin and is uncommon source of infection. This study aimed to isolate and identify K. kristinae from pneumonia patients in Iraqi hospitals and evaluate their antibiotic resistance profiles. The current study was conducted to determine K.kristinae clinical isolates taken from many hospitals in in Babil province،Iraq. A total of 150 different clinical samples were obtained. A total 93 isolates were obtained from clinical specimens have growth, 42 isolates (45.16%) were confirmed as K. kristinae using biochemical tests and the VITEK 2 system. 39 Gram negative bacteria, 7 fungi and 5 mix between G+ve and G-ve while other hand, 57 samples have no growth on culture media. The antibiotic susceptibility results showed by VITEK automated system in detecting antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among isolates, its revealed that 23 K.kristinae isolates (54.8%) were found be sensitive to Gentamycin, linezolid, Tetracycline, tigecycline, Rifampicin, Doxycycline and Ciprofloxacin, in other hands, 18 isolates (42.8%) were resistant to Benzylpencillin, Moxifloxacin , meropenem and Fucidic acid and 1 isolate (2.4%) was intermediate to one antibiotics ( Vancomycin). Documented cases of infections caused by Kocuria spp. are limited. Most of these infections have been detected in hospitalized patients with severe underlying diseases or who had indwelling devices or implants or suppressed immunity. These findings highlight the potential clinical significance of K. kristinae and the importance of monitoring its antibiotic resistance patterns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safa Hasan Radhi, Douaa Hamza Khair- Allah, Shahad Saad Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biochemical Features and Clinical Importance of Calprotectin: A Review Article
Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) is a heterodimeric protein most abundant in neutrophils. It has recently gained much attention as a reasonable biomarker to monitor and diagnose inflammatory bowel diseases-IBD; more specifically, it represents Crohn's Disease-CD and Ulcerative Colitis-UC. In clinical applications, its main importance lies in being a non-invasive marker for gut inflammation, such as when expressed in conditions like CD and UC. A comprehensive understanding of the multiple functions that calprotectin plays within inflammatory responses will lead to more precise diagnostics as well as improved treatment strategies within the clinical setting. This review article provides a synthesis of recent research advances with respect to biochemical properties and functions relating to calprotectin within IBD through perspectives focused on its role both diagnostically and therapeutically. Its very complex chemical structure has attracted much interest lately in connection with related biochemical mechanisms of its synthesis. This paper further synthesizes existing research findings on calprotectin's chemical structure and production sources, highlights knowledge gaps in those areas, and suggests directions for future research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yaseen Musafer Abed, Zainab H. Saeed, Najlaa Jawad Hasani, Ali A. Al-fahham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SPONTANEOUS HETEROTOPIC PREGNANCY: A CASE REPORT
Heterotopic pregnancy is the occurrence of pregnancies in at least two different implantation sites at the same time. Diagnosis of heterotopic pregnancy remains one of the greatest challenges in gyneco- obstetric emergencies.
Copyright (c) 2024 AIDI. Hadhami, MAROUEN. NEDIA, FERJANI SALMA, KNAZ SAMAR, HAMMADI JAWAHER, SALLAMI ARIGE, BEN ALI YASMINE, FATNASSI RIDHA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDICINAL PLANTS AND BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACHES TO WOUND HEALING
Wound healing is a complex biological process crucial for tissue restoration, and its disruption, especially in chronic wounds, poses significant global health challenges. Medicinal plants have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine to promote wound healing, offering a viable alternative to synthetic treatments. This review explores both traditional and modern approaches to wound healing using medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, playing key roles in reducing inflammation, promoting tissue regeneration, and accelerating wound closure. Modern advancements, including nanotechnology, have further enhanced the therapeutic potential of plant-based treatments by improving bioavailability and targeted delivery. Despite the promising benefits, challenges remain in the standardization, dosage, and regulatory aspects of herbal therapies. The integration of traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific innovations offers a comprehensive strategy for effective wound care, particularly for chronic wounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 OBAIDULLAH ALIMYAR, SAYEDWALI SEDIQI, AZIZAQA AZIZI, ABDUL BARI HEJRAN, PARWIZ NIAZI, ABDUL WAHID MONIB https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Postpartum Urinary Incontinence Among Postnatal Women in A Tertiary Health Care Centre, North Central Nigeria
Background: Urinary incontinence majorly impacts an individual’s quality of life. Though not life-threatening, it imposes a substantial emotional, social, and financial burden not only on the affected person but also on her family members. Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence other than vesicovaginal fistula among post-natal clinic women in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 210 women attending a post-natal clinic in the Jos University Teaching Hospital over six months. Data collection was through an interviewer/self-administered questionnaire, which was sorted, coded, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Analysis was done using descriptive statistics, into frequencies, Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact test at p<0.05 significance level. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 30.10 years. The overall prevalence of post-partum urinary incontinence among the study participants was 57 (27.10%): Stress urinary incontinence constituted 27 (47.37%), urge incontinence constituted 17 (29.82%), while those with mixed incontinence were 13 (22.81%). There were statistically significant relationships between post-partum urinary incontinence and age, religion, marital status, educational status, and occupation (p=0.001, 0.010, 0.002, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively) Conclusion: The study found that urinary incontinence other than vesicovaginal fistula is not uncommon among women during the puerperium, with stress incontinence being the most prevalent. Risk factors associated with it include age, religion, marital status, educational status, occupation, grand multiparity, and obesity. It's important to actively evaluate post-partum women and offer them treatment where the diagnosis is made.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fredrick L. Livinus, Plangji S. Cinjel, Makwin B. Mangut, Andrew O. Akor, Stephen D. Ngwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Postmortem Caesarean Section with a Live Baby in a Rural Hospital Setting in North-Eastern Nigeria: Case Report
Postmortem caesarean section is a rare procedure in the practice of obstetrics, due to the associated ethical, cultural, and religious concerns. The case reported here was a 28-year-old grand multipara at about 36 weeks of gestation who presented with acute cardiopulmonary failure. A postmortem caesarean section was performed within fifteen minutes following diagnosis of maternal death, and a live foetus was delivered with a good outcome. It is possible to salvage a foetus following maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. So, obstetricians should consider a post-mortem caesarean delivery in a case of acute cardiopulmonary failure in the third trimester. In conclusion, there is a need for Physicians in urban and rural settings to acquire these skills to enable the salvage of foetuses in mothers who have just died.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aboki A. Dunah, Felix A. Elachi, Evule C. Lawson, Mohammed Izzudeen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES TOWARD DENTAL X-RAYS AMONG PATIENTS AT MUHIMBILI SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY IN TANZANIA
Background Dental X-rays are vital diagnostic tools in dentistry, providing critical information for treatment planning. However, patient awareness and understanding of the risks and benefits associated with dental radiography can significantly influence their attitudes toward these procedures. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008 at the Radiology Department of Muhimbili Dental School. A total of seventy patients attending the dental clinic who underwent periapical and orthopantomogram (OPG) radiography were surveyed. Data were collected using structured questionnaires designed to assess knowledge and attitudes regarding dental X-rays. Results The results revealed that 70% of participants understood the radiation risks associated with X-rays, while 75% were aware of the indications for their use. However, only 60% were familiar with the benefits of OPG. In terms of attitudes, 80% of patients agreed that X-rays are essential for diagnosis, and 85% believed their dentist should explain the necessity of X-rays. Conclusion The findings indicate that while patients at Muhimbili Dental School exhibit a moderate level of knowledge and positive attitudes toward dental X-rays, there is a need for enhanced patient education regarding the risks and benefits. Implementing educational initiatives could improve understanding and alleviate concerns related to dental radiography.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lilian Rutta Lailat, John Sijaona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE ON DISINFECTION OF DENTAL IMPRESSIONS AMONG DENTISTS AND DENTAL TECHNICIANS
Background: Dental impressions are a common source for transmission of infection between dental clinics and dental labs. Dental impressions can be cross-contaminated by patient’s saliva and blood, which then cross-infect the dental casts poured from the impressions. Aim of the study: To evaluate the current practices of disinfection of dental impressions and their protocols and to assess the knowledge of cross-infection control among dentists and dental technicians. Materials & Methods: A self‑administered questionnaire will be distributed to dentists and dental technicians about their practices of disinfection for dental impressions. , the questionnaire consists of two separated parts, one is concerned with dentists and the other with dental technicians. Data were collected from forty dentists and twenty dental laboratory technicians. Results: According to our findings, only 32.5% of dentists had an infection control by mean of disinfection of impressions, 67.5% of them were not care about disinfection of impressions. In the other hand, 70% of respondent’s dental technicians follow a protocols of impressions disinfection, the other 30% were not interested in disinfection of impressions or casts. Conclusion: Dentists practices in impression disinfection was not satisfactory, therefore, education programs about impression disinfection are needed. Unlike dentists, dental technicians had a better knowledge and practice about disinfection of dental impressions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safwan A. Sulaiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenomenological Study of HIV Patients' Experiences of Care, Support and Treatment in Banda Aceh City
HIV is a chronic disease that affects not only physical health but also causes profound psychosocial stress. The Care, Support, and Treatment (CST) services are a comprehensive strategy provided to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, the success of CST programs largely depends on how PLHIV perceive and experience these services in their daily lives. This study aims to deeply explore the lived experiences of people living with HIV in accessing CST services in Banda Aceh, focusing on their care experiences, forms of social and emotional support, and the dynamics they face in obtaining treatment. This study employed a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. Six informants—including active PLHIV, outreach workers, CST officers, and health department staff—were selected purposively. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation, then analyzed thematically with the aid of NVivo 12 software to uncover the subjective meanings of their experiences. Three main themes emerged. First, the experience of receiving CST services revealed a sense of satisfaction with medical care, although some technical and emotional challenges were still present. Second, social and emotional support from family, healthcare providers, and community groups played a crucial role in strengthening psychological resilience. Third, in the treatment process, informants encountered challenges such as limited access, therapy side effects, and concerns about stigma, yet they demonstrated strong commitment to treatment adherence. This study emphasizes the need for a more humane, empathetic, and holistic approach to CST services. Sustainable social support, effective communication, and assurance of confidentiality are key elements in improving the quality of life of people living with HIV.
Copyright (c) 2025 Devrina Maris, Mr. Yani, T. Maulana, Irwan Saputra, Said Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge and behavior of Tunisian men regarding the couple’s contraception. Clinical trial
Objective: To assess the knowledge and the circumstances and sources from which men in Tunisia gain knowledge about contraception and their subsequent perceptions of different contraceptive methods. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted from January 2021 to december 2021, using a self-administered questionnaire. Tunisian men between 20-55 years were included. We examined participant profile, major sources of knowledge about contraception, perceptions of contraceptive side effects among Tunisian men and the factors influencing the level of knowledge of contraception. Results: 122 men were questioned. The participants’ mean age was 31.3 +/- 8.7 years (range 20 – 57). 65.6% of our participants had a tertiary education. For 70.5% of our respondents the contraception was a shared responsibility within the couple. These participants had a higher level of knowledge about contraception compared to those considering it a woman’s domain (p=0.042). Knowledge of contraception increased with higher level of education (P<0.001). The condom was used by 96% of our respondents. 57,4% refused to use withdrawal as a mean of contraception. 44,3% of the participants had limited knowledge, about emergency contraception illustrated by the lack of awareness. 50% had false belief about the contraception and its interference to sexual life. The internet was main source of information and doctors were the most trusted source. Conclusion: measures must be taken to remedy to the noted lack of knowledge and false belief through the use of the internet and the healthcare providers as means to achieve this purpose.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yasmine Ben Ali, Jawaher Hammadi, chaima selmi, Rihab Dahleb, cyrine chelly, Rim Bouchahda, Sassi Boughizane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE PREVALENCE OF WORKPLACE VIOLENCE AMONG DOCTORS & DENTISTS AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AT MULTICENTER IN ERBIL CITY, IRAQ
Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of WPV among doctors including general practitioners, specialist and dentist doctors and its associated factors at multicenter in Erbil city, Iraq. Design: A cross-sectional design was applied. Methods: A cross-sectional design was utilized to assess the prevalence of workplace violence among doctors and dentists and its associated factors at multicenter in Erbil city, Iraq. A convenience sample of 247 doctors was used to select the participants based on the inclusion criteria. The study questionnaire contained five parts; background, working condition, working experience over the last six months, health status, threats, violence and bullying. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 24. Results: the results revealed that 42.9% (n = 106) of participants have been a victim of violence at least one time, while 40.5 (n = 100) of them reported that have been bullied. Concerning aggressiveness source, 30% (n = 74) of them reported that the patients were the source, 22.7% (n = 56) of them reported that one of the staff members was the source, and 12.1% (n = 30) of them reported that the patients’ family or visitors were the source. Problems health symptoms for doctors who have not experienced violence were higher than (i.e. Better health symptoms) the health symptoms for doctors who have experienced violence. Violence experience is negative predictor. Female doctors are less likely to experience violence compared to male doctors. Conclusion: Workplace violence is a serious problem among the doctors, and may be affected their psychological status, make the work condition more difficult, decrease the job satisfaction, and added to that the productivity for the doctors may negatively affect by experience the violence at the workplace. Patient or Public Contribution: Reduce bullying and increase awareness
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Safa Al- azzawi, Mamdouh El-hneiti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYBRID MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH FOR ORAL CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION USING HISTOPATHOLOGICAL IMAGES
Oral cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with early diagnosis crucial for improving patient outcomes. This study explores the integration of machine learning (ML) techniques in the detection and classification of oral cancer using histopathological images. A hybrid approach combining deep learning-based feature extraction (via pre-trained convolutional neural networks) and traditional handcrafted methods is proposed. The study uses a dataset of 10,000 annotated histopathological images, carefully preprocessed to enhance consistency and mitigate quality variations. Multiple ML models, including ResNet50 and traditional algorithms like SVM and random forests, were trained, evaluated, and validated across several performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and AUC-ROC. The models demonstrated high performance, with deep learning models showing superior classification ability. Explainability techniques, such as Grad-CAM and SHAP, were incorporated to enhance model transparency and trust. External validation and real-world simulation testing confirmed the robustness and generalizability of the system. The deployment of the models within a user-friendly software application offers a potential pathway for clinical integration, streamlining the diagnostic process for oral cancer detection.
Copyright (c) 2025 HAN THI NGOC PHAN, ARJINA AKTER https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Pain Management Educational Program on Competency of Critical Care Area Nurses: A Systematic Review
Background: Pain management in critical care settings is a significant aspect of achieving quality patient care. Pain management education programs can be effective means toward enhancing the competencies of nurses in pain management. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted with the aim of examining the effects of pain management program on competency of critical care nurses. Methodology: This systematic review was carried out according to a predefined protocols and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. The search was done on PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane and PsycINFO. The quality assessment was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s JBI checklist for quasi-experimental studies. Results: Overall, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. All the studies were quasi- experimental and achieved high quality methodology rigor. The findings were synthesized into three major themes; effects on knowledge and attitudes, effects nurses on skills of pain management and effects on clinical practices of pain management. The educational programs improved nurses’ competencies in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes. However, the practices of pain management were not slightly improved. Conclusion: The educational programs proved effective in improving, knowledge, skills and attitude competencies among nurses, in relation to pain management in critical care settings. However, the integration of these competencies in real clinical practices experienced some challenges. This necessitates the need to address structural and systematic barriers that may affect application of gained competencies in clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abeer Almutairi, Faridah Said, Zamzaliza Mulud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Posture, Performance, and Prevention: Ergonomics in Clinical Dentistry.
The practice of dentistry demands sustained precision, concentration, and physical endurance, often under posturally challenging conditions. This narrative review aims to synthesize existing literature on the ergonomic challenges in clinical dentistry, focusing on posture-related issues, their impact on Posture, Performance, and Prevention. Poor ergonomic practices contribute significantly to the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among dental professionals, affecting not only their health but also the quality and longevity of their clinical performance. Through an analysis of common postural errors, repetitive movements, and static muscle loading, the article highlights how improper ergonomic habits can lead to chronic neck, back, shoulder, and wrist pain. It also presents evidence-based strategies and design solutions that support better posture and functional positioning, including ergonomic dental chair design, instrument selection, operatory layout, and the integration of magnification tools. Emphasis is placed on proactive training, regular physical exercise, and periodic self-assessment as key components of prevention. By aligning clinical practice with ergonomic principles, dental professionals can enhance their performance, extend their careers, and significantly reduce the risk of occupational injury. This article underscores the importance of embedding ergonomics into dental education and daily routine, advocating for a preventive approach to support both practitioner well-being and optimal patient care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ruchi Srivastava, Dr. Vivek Bains, Col (Dr.) Anil Kumar Jha, Dr. Chetan Chandra, Dr. Sunakshi Soi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OBSTETRIC UTERINE RUPTURE OF THE UNSCARRED UTERUS: A CASE SERIES OF SIX
Objectives: Uterine rupture in an unscarred uterus is a reality. It is a rare obstetrical complication that requires prompt diagnosis and immediate management. The aim of our study is to describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics, maternal and fetal prognostic elements, and different therapeutic modalities of uterine rupture in an unscarred uterus. Methods: This is a descriptive retrospective study spanning a 6-year period from 2017 to 2022. Results: The incidence was 1.7/10,000 deliveries, with a mean maternal age of 31.3 years. All patients were multiparous, and rupture occurred during labor in all cases. The main clinical presentation was a non-reassuring fetal heart rate tracing. Surgical treatment was conservative in 4 out of 6 cases. There were no maternal deaths, but the fetal prognosis was severe, with two fetal deaths. Conclusion: Unscarred uterine rupture is a rare but serious obstetric complication. In this series, maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality were high, consistent with the literature.
Copyright (c) 2024 Imen Ben Farhat, Olfa Zoukar, Bergaoui Haifa, Ekram Guerbej, Amira Ounissi, Sana Bouakez, Sana Alouani, Dhekra Toumi, Raja Faleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiotherapy Management of AIDP Guillain-Barré Syndrome Variant in a Tertiary Hospital in South-West Nigeria: A Case Report
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute neurological condition marked by swift muscular weakening, with the most prevalent form being the Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) variety. This case report provides a comprehensive account of the physiotherapy treatment of a 35-year-old patient diagnosed with Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) in a tertiary hospital in South-West Nigeria. After contracting a gastrointestinal infection, the patient developed a gradual loss of strength in their limbs and paralysis of the facial muscles on both sides of the face. The diagnostic assessments verified Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP), and the treatment consisted of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), plasmapheresis, and a planned physiotherapy program. During a period of four weeks, the patient demonstrated notable enhancements in muscle strength, functional autonomy, and pain levels. This case emphasizes the significance of initiating physiotherapy early and maintaining a consistent approach. It also demonstrates the potential of customized rehabilitation programs to improve recovery in settings with limited resources.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olawale Isreal OSHOMOJI, Oluwafemi Temitayo ILESANMI, Samuel Oluwaseun SEMUDARA, Johnson Olasunkanmi AJIROBA, Anthony Ibukun ANUKWU, Adebori Andrew SEFINNI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Incidence of Tongue Disorders Among Middle School Students
The tongue is essential for a wide variety of bodily processes, including tasting, swallowing, talking, and keeping teeth healthy. Therefore, tongue abnormalities can have serious consequences for an individual's well-being. The purpose of this research was to determine how prevalent common tongue malformations were among school-aged children in Ramadi city, Anbar governorate, Iraq. One thousand five hundred students from medium schools were chosen at random and split into three age groups. There were 500 pupils in each of the three groups, evenly split between males and females. Tongue issues were evaluated using a disposable mirror to retract the lips and cheeks, natural lighting, and privacy. The information was examined with SPSS version 22's chi-square test for significance. Fissured tongue, tongue knot, and coated tongue were determined to be the most prevalent tongue anomalies (7.7%, 11%, and 6.66% prevalence, respectively). There was no correlation between age or gender and the presence of tongue abnormalities. The findings show that promoting good tooth hygiene and avoiding environmental triggers for symptoms might be beneficial. Acidic or spicy foods and the abrasives in some dental hygiene products are two potential culprits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Nasser H. Warwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE LEVELS IN OBESE WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is one of the major hormones affecting the reproductive system, and when elevated, it leads to polycystic ovarian syndrome. Obesity is a main cause of GnRH elevation. A current study was conducted from October to December 2024 and included 100 samples from Iraqi women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), collected from the Infertility Center at Al-Sadder Medical City and Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, alongside 100 samples from healthy women. The concentration of GnRH was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to evaluate variations in this biochemical parameter between healthy individuals and PCOS patients. Statistical analysis was performed using a P-value test (P < 0.05) to assess the significance of the study results. GnRH concentrations were elevated in PCOS patients compared to the control group. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the two groups, with a P-value of 0.0001. In conclusion, GnRH levels were elevated in PCOS patients when compared with healthy individuals, so GnRH highly associated with the occurrence of PCOS and contribute to hormonal disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Mohsin Naser, Thualfiqar Ghalib Turki, Noor alhuda Ahmed kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECTS OF ORAL MICROBIOME ON SYSTEMIC HEALTH
The oral microbiome, a diverse community of microorganisms, plays a critical role in maintaining oral and systemic health. Disruptions in this microbiome, known as dysbiosis, are associated with oral diseases like dental caries and periodontitis, as well as systemic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer. The oral microbiota varies across individuals and within different regions of the oral cavity, influenced by factors like oxygen levels, nutrient content, and immune response. Emerging research highlights the microbiome's potential role in conditions like stunting in children and neurodegenerative diseases. The oral microbiome is also linked to systemic diseases. For example, oral bacteria have been detected in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and are associated with respiratory infections like pneumonia. In gastrointestinal diseases, oral microbiome imbalances are linked to conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Additionally, endocrine disorders like diabetes and obesity show strong correlations with oral microbiome changes. Maintaining a balanced oral microbiome is crucial for preventing and managing these diseases. Treatment strategies must focus on preserving the microbiome's integrity while targeting pathogenic bacteria. As research continues to uncover the complex relationships between oral health and systemic diseases, interdisciplinary collaboration between dentistry and medicine will be key to advancing preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Dr. Eda Tunaboylu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Etiology, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review Article
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity. It accounts for more than 90% of oral cancers and is ranked as the sixth most prevalent cancer when considered on a global scale. In terms of pathogenesis, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a role in their interaction. Well-established risk factors are smoked tobacco, alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing, and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection- especially HPV-16. From these exposures mutate key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes such as RAS, MYC, and TP53 plus promoter hypermethylation of genes like p16 and DAPK.These molecular changes lead to unrestrained cell proliferation apoptosis inhibition angiogenesis and tissue invasion facilitated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Geographically, OSCC varies a lot. The cultural practice of chewing betel quid in South and Southeast Asia makes this region the highest implac6tion for this disease, while lower rates are seen in Arab countries as alcohol consumption is not prevalent. In Iraq, increasing tobacco consumption, more waterpipe (shisha) smoking, and lifestyle changes have driven an upward trend of OSCC incidence. It usually affects men above the age of 40; however, recent data show increasing incidence among the younger nonsmokers which may indicate a shift in etiology where HPV infection plays a bigger role. Genetic studies in global and Iraqi populations have shown consistent overexpression of p53, cyclin D1, and EGFR. Conserved molecular pathways because of regional exposure differences. The survival rate remains poor due to late-stage diagnosis and recurrences. To improve patient outcomes in the face of these challenges will require culturally sensitive public health campaigns, early detection facilitated by molecular biomarkers, and targeted therapies that genetic profiling guides. This review synthesizes available evidence on the etiology and epidemiology of OSCC, highlighting gaps in knowledge and proposing avenues for research that can help direct preventive efforts while decreasing this disease’s burden globally.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tabarak Sabah Abbas, Dhaneen Mahdi, Marwah Safaa Ali, Ali A. Al-fahham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENETIC DETECTION OF ISS, TRAT, AND OMPK36 GENES IN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT INFECTIONS IN NAJAF PROVINCE
Background: The increase serum survival (iss) gene is associated with the synthesis of the O-antigen capsule, the transfer protein (traT) gene is linked to the synthesis of the K1 capsule, while the outer membrane ptroteint-36 (ompK36) gene is connected to antibiotic resistance. Objectives: The current study aimed to detection presence of iss gene, Trat gene, Ompk36 gene in different gram negative isolated. Materials and Methods: A total of 78 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were obtained from intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. All isolates were cultured on MacConkey agar and identified using the Vitek-2 system. Conventional PCR was employed for the amplification of the iss, traT, and ompK36 genes. Microsoft Excel was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The iss, traT, and ompK36 genes were detected in the total DNA of 78 isolates from the Enterobacteriaceae family, which included 15 isolates each of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella dysenteriae, 12 isolates of Proteus vulgaris, and 6 isolates of Serratia marcescens. The iss gene was present in 51 out of 78 isolates (65%) at 258 bp, the traT gene was detected in 63 out of 78 isolates (80.7%) at 258 bp, and 45 out of 78 isolates (57.6%) tested positive for the ompK36 gene at 305 bp. Conclusion: The iss, traT, and ompK36 genes were detected among Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from various clinical infections, with a notably high occurrence in extraintestinal isolates.
Copyright (c) 2024 Thualfiqar Ghalib Turki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS AND RECENT TREATMENT BY NANOMATERIALS: A MINI REVIEW
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the biggest obstacles to managing diabetes. DFUs are more difficult to treat, especially in patients with weakened immune systems. With the drugs on the market today, pathogenic bacteria and fungus might not be able to combat microbial infections at the wound site. In addition to discussing the medications, topical antibacterial treatments, dressings, and debridement techniques used for DFU, this page provides a comprehensive discussion of DFU and similar problems. The 16S ribosomal DNA sequence found in bacteria is one of the cutting-edge diagnostic methods that can help us understand the microbiota associated with DFU. By applying cutting-edge biological and molecular therapies that have been demonstrated to promote enhanced healing, decreased local inflammation, and infection prevention, this aim may be accomplished.
Copyright (c) 2025 LUBNA ABDULAZEEM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the relationship between stress and aphthous ulcers among Dentistry college students, Anbar university: Histological investigation
Aphthous ulcers usually exhibit a breakdown in the integrity of the epithelial layer. A necrotic center with an infiltration of inflammatory cells is frequently visible in the ulcer. The study aims to establish if there is an association between stress and the frequency or intensity of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAUs) in this particular group. Understanding the histological features of RAUs could help in developing therapies and management plans that focus on the main processes that cause RAUs to form. Oral ulcer tissue samples were collected from the individuals. Specimens were obtained by a biopsy punch technique with the use of a local anesthetic. The tissue samples were promptly treated with a suitable fixative to maintain tissue structure. Samples were fixed and then subjected to tissue processing, which involved dehydration, disinfection, and embedding in paraffin wax. Tissue sections were thinly sliced using a microtome and placed on glass slides. The slides underwent staining to improve the visibility of the cellular structure. Microscopy was conducted using a light microscope. Examination of tissue samples from participants with RAUs showed numerous important characteristics. Under a microscope, the epithelium was damaged and the top layer had been lost. There were also lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in the inflammatory infiltrate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Nasser H. Warwar, Mohammed I. Abdullah, Wesam A. Sami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARISON OF D-DIMER LEVEL AND PLATELET COUNT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
Aim: This study aimed to assess the D-dimer levels and platelet count in sickle cell anaemia patients and compare with those of the control subjects. Materials and Methods: This study is a cross–sectional comparative study which enrolled 58 sickle cell anaemia patients (25 males and 33 females) in a stable state at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, as well as 25 healthy controls (11 males and 24 females). Venous blood (4.5 mL) was collected from both the patient and control into a vial containing 0.5 ml of 3.2% trisodium citrate. D-dimer levels was analysed using ELISA method. Platelet counts were determined (from 5ml venous sample collected with EDTA) using haematology autoanalyzer. Results: There was a significant rise in D-dimer levels in sickle cell patients, with mean values of 1771.86 ng/mL and 1986.00 ng/mL for males and females, respectively, in the steady state compared to the D-dimer levels of controls, with mean values of 199.24 and 322.21 ng/mL for males and females, respectively. Platelet count was significantly higher in SCA patients than in the control subjects. There is perfect correlation between D-dimer and platelet counts in both patients and control (r=1, n=57, P=0.000) and (r=1, n=30, P=0.000) Conclusion: This study showed the hypercoagulable state and thrombotic risk associated with SCA. The strong correlation between D-dimer levels and platelet counts suggests a potential interplay between platelet activation and coagulation activation in SCA, warranting further investigation into therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways. Zenodo DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14543328
Copyright (c) 2024 UCHE CL, CHIKEZIE K, UGWU NI, UGWU CN, AGWU O, OKITE PU, KALU SN, AIRAODION AI, AKINOLA NO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATE OF TIME DEPENDENT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT INDEX OF GRADE POINT AVERAGES IN A SAMPLED POPULATION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
This paper proposes and developed a nonparametric statistical method for determining at what points in a series or sequence of trials or tests in time or space subjects are most likely to attain their highest (peak) or lowest (trough, in economic parlance) scores. Classification criteria and performance assessment index was also developed that would enable researchers, policy planners and implementers statistically gauge achievements by subjects and groups that could help informed introduction of necessary remedial intervention measures. A chi-square test statistic was developed to test any desired hypothesis. The proposed method is illustrated with some sample data and result showed that Chi-Square test statistic is statistically significance at 5% significant level thereby concluding that the difference between the proportions of undergraduate student of Electronics who on the average have highest and lowest scores through their four years of study in the University are not the same and hence are different. In conclusion, some undergraduate students of Electronics would therefore seem to need intensive and structured remedial measures to enable them enhance their academic performance in Electronics in the University.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DENTAL HOME CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES
The Dental Home is not a new concept in pediatric dentistry. However, it has not yet been widely adopted by dental professionals in Bulgaria. Aim: to assess the impact of the Dental Home concept by comparing the oral health of children who have a Dental Home to those who do not. Materials and Methods: The study involved 200 children aged 3 to 6 years, selected from two separate dental practices staffed by pediatric dentistry specialists. In the first practice, the dentists adhered to the guidelines of the Dental Home concept, while in the second practice, they did not. The selected children were contacted by phone and invited for a routine preventive examination. During this examination, their DMF(T+t) index, Green-Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index (OHIs-GV), and PUFA index were assessed and compared. Results: The findings indicate that children with a Dental Home had lower values for all three indices compared to those in the control group. Conclusion: The Dental Home concept may enhance oral health in young children and reduce the DMFT (dmft), OHIs, and PUFA (pufa) indices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ralitsa Bogovska-Gigova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of serum interleukin-17 in women with vaginitis
Background: Vaginitis is a common condition seen in the field of gynecology and is caused by a wide range of infectious agents. These include bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The immune response to these different etiologies may also differ; examining it could provide information on host-pathogen interactions. Objectives: To assess the serum levels of IL-17 in women with different types of vaginitis and compare these levels with those in healthy controls to try to find an immunological profile corresponding to each etiological agent. Method: Sixty women who had been diagnosed with vaginitis, along with 50 healthy controls, were enrolled at Al-Najaf General Hospital, Iraq, between February 2024 and March 2025. Women who had taken antibiotics or antifungals in a recent episode of chronic disease were excluded; also excluded were pregnant or lactating women. The clinical diagnosis of vaginitis was confirmed by a gynecologist through physical examination and laboratory tests (vaginal pH, wet mount, and whiff test). Serum IL-17 levels were quantified using ELISA. Results: Bacterial infections were identified as the leading cause of vaginitis since 45% was reported. It was followed by fungal infections at 25%, parasitic at 20%, and mixed infections at 10%. The current study found a significantly higher mean IL-17 level in patients with vaginitis (19.34 ± 11.54 pg/ml) compared to controls (14.56 ± 6.22 pg/ml) with a T value of 2.88 and P =0 .029. Subgroup analysis showed that bacterial vaginitis presented the highest concentration of IL-17 (21.7±3.09 pg/ml), significantly greater than in fungal, parasitic, or mixed infections (F =8 .34, P=0 .005). Conclusions: IL-17 levels are high in women with vaginitis. In bacterial infections, since there is an active immunological response mediated by IL-17, it provokes good reaction. This cytokine can also be used as a good biomarker for etiological differentiation of vaginitis as well as pathogen-specific immune responses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manar G. Alhussine, Suhad Adnan Hasan, Shymaa A.G. Al-hussainy, Ali A. Al-fahham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Properties of Saffron: A Review Article
Saffron is the product of the flower of Crocus sativus L. It is well known not only for its culinary uses but also for a wide range of medicinal benefits. The importance of saffron both in ancient medicine and modern pharmacology has attracted attention owing to the richness of its compounds-terpenes and their derivatives. Recent studies have increasingly focused on pharmacological aspects with antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. This paper tries to make a synthesis based on existing research evidence concerning the antimicrobial and parasiticidal potential of saffron, noting where there are gaps in information and suggesting avenues for further investigation. Also, this paper shall try to make a synthesis based on existing research evidence on chemical constituents aspects of saffron and its antimicrobial property, giving it potentiality as a natural antimicrobial agent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahlaa Kh. Chabuk, Asraa Dawod Farhan, Ali A. Al-fahham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STROKE PREVENTION ALTERNATIVE: APPLICATION-BASED STROKE PATH EDUCATION FOR HYPERTENSION PATIENTS
In many regions of the world, hypertension is becoming more common. There are 74.5 million American adults older than 20 who have hypertension, although 90% of these instances have no identified etiology. The signs and symptoms of hypertension can differ from person to person and resemble those of other conditions. It is a silent killer. As a result of the high prevalence of hypertension in primary healthcare and the fact that up to 34.1% of Indonesians under the age of 18 suffer from the condition, there are an estimated 63,209,620 instances of hypertension in the country. In the meantime, there have been 427,218 cases of hypertension-related deaths in Indonesia. If left untreated, hypertension. If hypertension is not treated appropriately, it can damage blood vessels all throughout the body yet the risk of damage to the kidneys, heart, brain, and eyes is the most obvious. With the use of both pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological therapy, these dangers can be avoided and reduced. Knowing how to recognize a stroke clearly can help someone who has hypertension reduce their risk of having one. This research goal is to evaluate the effects of stroke preventive education's "Stroke Path" application-based approach on hypertension patients' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. A control group and a pre-posttest quasi-experimental design are used in this investigation. The sample size was established by using the test statistic of the mean-variance variance of the two unique teams, and simple random sampling was applied as the sampling method. For the purposes of processing and analyzing statistical data, paired and independent t-tests were used in this study. Outcomes of the application-based stroke path education intervention in terms of knowledge, attitude, and behavior (p=0.000, respectively). In conclusion, application-based stroke prevention education is effective at enhancing patients' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.
Copyright (c) 2024 Santa Manurung, Wartonah, Nelly Yardes, Ace Sudrajat, Dewi Lusiani, Tri Endah Pangastiti, Nadhia Elsa Silviani, Pramita Iriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Action Against Escherichia coli as Foodborne Bacteria
In food safety applications, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO nanoparticles, which have an average of size of 35 nm) offer a great deal of promise as antibacterial agents because of their stability, surface characteristics, and structure. This study looked at the anti-bacterial properties and the mechanism of MgO nanoparticles action against a significant foodborne pathogen. E. coli were isolate and identify main bacteria caused foodborne infection, and trying to treatments by using nanoparticles. By measuring the antibacterial activity of the foodborne using the agar disc diffusion technique, MgO NPs demonstrated antibacterial properties against the E. coli, because Among the major foodborne pathogens, magnesium oxide nanoparticles have potent antibacterial action. Bacterial cells interact with nanoparticles to create oxidative stress, cell membrane leakage, and eventually cell death.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lubna Abdulazeem, Anas Sajid Abbas, Ali T.Al aaraji, Aliaa salman, Shahad Ali Saib Alallawep, Kwthar Abd Al-Hadi Abd Al- Karim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Diagnostic Power Of IL-6 In the Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis
Background: Cholecystitis is an inflammatory condition of the gallbladder that varies in severity and is associated with elevated inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Understanding the relationship between IL-6 levels and disease severity may improve diagnosis and management. Methods: This case–control study enrolled 68 patients aged 22 to 45 years diagnosed with cholecystitis at Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital, Thi‑Qar City, Iraq, from March 2024 to February 2025. Patients were classified into mild, moderate, and severe groups based on clinical and imaging criteria. Forty healthy patients without gallbladder disease served as controls. Exclusion criteria included recent antimicrobial treatment, chronic illnesses, pregnancy, and lactation. Serum IL-6 levels were measured by ELISA following standardized protocols. Results: Mean serum IL-6 concentration was significantly higher in patients (85.2 ± 21.4 pg/ml) compared to controls (32.7 ± 12.6 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). IL-6 levels progressively increased with cholecystitis severity: mild (64.3 ± 12.8 pg/ml), moderate (83.7 ± 14.5 pg/ml), and severe (106.5 ± 18.2 pg/ml), with statistically significant differences among groups (ANOVA, F = 18.46, p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed that each severity group differed significantly in IL-6 levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed excellent diagnostic accuracy for IL-6 with an area under the curve of 0.914. At a cut-off value of 58.0 pg/ml, IL-6 achieved a sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 82.4% for distinguishing cholecystitis patients from healthy controls (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Serum IL-6 is markedly elevated in patients with cholecystitis and correlates strongly with disease severity. IL-6 demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy and may serve as a valuable biomarker for identifying and stratifying cholecystitis in clinical settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Chasib Munshid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS IN MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT
Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. This review reviewed the molecular mechanisms and their implications for treatment of M. tuberculosis infection, as well as the complex host pathogen interactions underpinning M. tuberculosis infection. The ability of the pathogen to avoid the host immune responses by utilizing critical strategies for the evasion, for instance, inhibition of phagosome-lyosome fusion and modulation of the host cell pathways are discussed first. T cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response, and granulomas develop, which are then examined in detail. It importantly informs current treatment protocols which struggle to overcome issues of patient compliance, drug resistance and toxicity. Explored are novel therapeutic approaches targeting bacterial cell wall synthesis, virulence factors and the use of host directed therapies. Recent advances in the development of vaccines, including the innovative endeavors that hope to improve or replace the BCG vaccine, are also reviewed. The review ends by anticipating future directions in TB management, which could be facilitated through efforts related to personalized medicine, and combination therapies, as well as rapid diagnostics to change how we think about treatment. The insights from this study are important for developing novel strategies to fight TB and to bring down its burden globally.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zainab M. Lateef, Zahraa Hamid Alwan Al-Saadi, Karam R Aljarah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IN SILICO STUDY OF DELETERIOUS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN HUMAN HTRA2 GENE WITH THE PARKINSON’S DISEASE
One of the most prevalent neurodegenerative illnesses that affects the elderly and is incurable is Parkinson's disease. Effective remedies for these illnesses are sometimes expensive, time-consuming, and coincidental to find. Prior research comparing several model organisms has shown that the majority of animals have comparable cellular and molecular traits. The Bioinformatics tools were used to find non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms SIFTand Mutpred. The HTRA2 protein, a protein linked to Parkinson's disease, was used to predict nsSNPs. This study is based on the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human HTRA2 gene that cause Parkinson's disease. By determining the most effective prediagnosis techniques and Biological markers for illness prediction. Our goal is to identify the most effective prediagnosis method for Parkinson's disease. A specific SNP is to serve as a molecular marker for the illness's prediagnosis. The analysis of non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in several Bioinformatics methods may facilitate the identification of critical diagnoses for the disease and enhance the treatment process for Parkinson's disease (PD).
Copyright (c) 2025 OMAR QAHTAN YASEEN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attitudes of Healthcare Providers Towards Providing Contraceptives for Unmarried Adolescents in Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, North Central, Nigeria
Background: Contraception among adolescents is a public health issue with deep roots in society, culture, and religion. High levels of premarital sexual activity without the use of contraceptives have been recorded among adolescents. Over 3 million unsafe abortions occur annually among adolescents. The successful provision and adoption of contraceptives among adolescents is a crucial approach to preventing increased unintended pregnancy and the complications related to it. Objective: To assess the attitude of healthcare providers towards providing contraceptives for unmarried adolescents in Jos University Teaching Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 371 healthcare providers in Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The majority of the respondents (79%) had a positive attitude towards providing contraceptives for unmarried adolescents. More than half (52.4%) perceived the provision of contraceptives for unmarried adolescents as promoting sexual promiscuity. Close to half (45.8%), reported that unmarried adolescents should be asked to abstain from sex rather than providing them with contraceptives. There was a statistically significant relationship between the age, post-qualification years, and religion of the respondents (p=0.020, 0.036, and 0.033 respectively) when compared with attitudes towards the provision of contraceptives. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed an overall highly positive attitude by healthcare providers towards providing contraceptives for unmarried adolescents even though some expressed mixed feelings. A positive provider attitude towards providing contraception to unmarried adolescents is a very strong factor in offering contraception to them which will in turn prevent unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and their complications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ledornu F. Livinus, Pannan I. Da’ap, Oghenetega J. Oyaide-Ishaka, Peter N. Odoh, Plangji S. Cinjel, Francis A. Magaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating The Frequency of ER2 Polymorphisms in Coronary Heart Disease Patients and Healthy Controls
Background: The leading cause of mortality and rising healthcare costs globally is coronary heart disease (CHD). Interactions between environmental and genetic variables may be the cause of CHD. Research on the role of several genes in the etiology of coronary heart disease is still underway. The estrogen receptor 2 (ER2) gene, which is present in the layers of the vessel wall in the vasculature, is one of the genes thought to be related to CHD. Aim: The objective is to evaluate the rs1271572 A/T SNP of the ER2 gene's connection with CHD in a sample of Iraqis and investigate how gender affects the onset of the illness. Method: A sample of CHD patients and a group of healthy people were the subjects of a case-control study. Participants' serum lipid levels were assessed, and T-ARMS was used to genotype the ER2 gene, rs1271572 A/T SNP. Results: The carriers of the variant allele in the sick group were significantly higher (P: 0.0022-0.015) than in the control group, according to the assessment of genotype frequencies under various inheritance models. It was discovered that the odd ratio was around 2. It was clear that the co-dominant model had the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) score. The recruited participants' genotype-gender cross-classification interaction was assessed. With an odd ratio of 2.28, a significant correlation was demonstrated in females with the heterozygous variant genotype. When the biochemical parameter and BMI values were compared to the genotype frequencies, bearers of the variant alleles showed noticeably higher levels. However, in a comparable comparison, HDL-C significantly decreased. It was discovered that the variant alleles were substantially associated with an increase in atherogenic parameters.Conclusion: In the Iraqi population, the ER2 gene polymorphism, rs1271572 SNPs, is a risk factor for the development of CHD. Elevated atherogenic lipids are associated with this relationship. Females are more susceptible to the illness than males due to the mutant allele.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karar Nadhm Obaid Aljabry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLEUNCE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA ON ORAL HEALTH: A MINIREVIEW
The human body hosts a diverse microbial community, with Gram-negative bacteria playing a key role in oral health due to their virulence factors that contribute to tissue destruction and inflammation. The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) emphasizes the importance of understanding the oral microbiota to improve health outcomes, the oral cavity is particularly vulnerable to imbalances caused by these bacteria, leading to periodontal diseases and other oral infections. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis is the most harmful, producing gingipains that degrade host tissues and evade immune responses, promoting chronic inflammation. As a keystone pathogen, it drives periodontitis, causes systemic inflammation, and has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Its resilience in anaerobic conditions and ability to form biofilms make it difficult to treat, further complicating oral health management. Understanding the role of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. gingivalis, is essential for advancing prevention and treatment strategies in oral health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parwiz Niazi, ABDUL BARI HEJRAN, KHAIDAROV SAKEN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pectus excavatum (PE), also known as "funnel chest," is the most common congenital malformation of the chest wall, with historical references dating back to ancient Egypt. This article explores the historical evolution of PE, tracing its recognition, terminology, and medical interpretations over time. Early descriptions emerged in the 16th century, with significant developments in understanding its etiology and treatment occurring in the 19th and 20th centuries. Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding its causes, ranging from genetic predisposition to diaphragmatic contracture and skeletal abnormalities. The surgical treatment of PE has evolved from early attempts at costal cartilage resection to modern minimally invasive techniques, particularly the Nuss procedure. This review highlights key historical milestones, influential figures in the field, and the progressive refinement of surgical interventions that have shaped the current approach to managing pectus excavatum.
Copyright (c) 2025 SÎRBU ION https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Harnessing the Microbiome: Probiotic Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potential
The clinical interest in probiotics as live microorganisms continues to rise because these microorganisms deliver health benefits at suitable dose ranges. Probiotics were first applied for gastrointestinal disorders but scientists now investigate their ability to affect mental health alongside metabolic diseases and skin conditions and cardiovascular health. The human body obtains various advantages from these microorganisms which consist of maintaining microbial equilibrium and reinforcing immune responses along with gut wall function and generating SCFAs and other beneficial metabolites. The medical application of these bacteria shows promise although their appropriate strain selection faces delivery difficulties and certain population groups face ongoing safety concerns. The study will investigate customized therapeutic uses of probiotics together with synbiotics and analyze their effects on disease control methods and disease prevention strategies. Modern technological applications of probiotics demonstrate strong potential for disease prevention as well as health enhancement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marwah A. Alshafeay, Suadad Taha Al- Masoodi, Saif Ali Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using Nanomaterials to Improve Water Desalination Processes or Purify Water from Pollution.
Wastewater has taken a growing role as a global problem, in terms of both its increase and its treatment, recycling or reuse. Wastewater contains suspended and dissolved particles, hydrocarbons, various organic materials, and heavy metals. Reusing wastewater is impeded by the task of removing pollutants before it can flow into any natural body of water. Water treatment has been accomplished in several ways, including secondary materials, however, the manufacture of nanomaterials is expensive, and has the undesirable effect of metals, used in the manufacturing of most nanomaterials, such as silver, gold, etc. In this work, environmentally benign, low-cost natural nanomaterials were synthesized, and their efficacy in wastewater purification was evaluated by utilizing a natural nanomaterial derived from plant leaves. (Schanginia aegyptiaca). The dried and ground leaf extract was centrifuged, filtered, and then dried. The resulting material was examined by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) to ensure it was nanoscale and to determine the type, number, size, and properties of the resulting material. A 1:1 dilution of the secondary material was made, and the dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, and turbidity were calculated before and after adding wastewater for (15), 30, 45, and (60) minutes. Jar test experiments showed that the Nano-extract of the tartar plant showed the best removal of salts, EC, TDS, and turbidity, with a percentage of 82.61%, 80.48%, 80.60%, and 52.83%, respectively, after 60 minutes, while the function The acidity was unchanged, while the dissolved oxygen doubled to 121.80%. The results prove the possibility of manufacturing a natural nanomaterial that is easy to prepare, low-cost, and has a wastewater treatment effect.
Copyright (c) 2025 Louay Mohammed Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO THE REPLICATION AND PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major infectious disease problem worldwide, resulting in serious liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review article acts as a general overview of molecular aspects of HCV replication and pathogenesis emphasizing the virus structure and genome, entry mechanisms, the replication cycle, and HCV interactions with the host immune system. It also examines the progression of disease causing HCV infections and the clinical symptoms. Antiviral treatments have improved patient outcomes, but they remain far from an effective vaccine, because viral diversity, lack of access to health care, remain. Research in the future should look to increase healthcare accessibility, to understand long term outcomes after treatment, and to develop the vaccine. Solution to these challenges will enable us to diminish the worldwide burden of HCV and better patient health results.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ali Hassanen Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROBIOTICS AND THE MICROBIOME: THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Healthcare research has identified the probabilistic interplay between probiotics and human microbiomes as an emerging promising field which shows therapeutic potential in various health conditions. This assessment investigates how probiotics work through their impact on microbiome regulation and their effects on immune responses and their ability to communicate across the gut-brain axis. Clinical evidence shows that probiotics successfully treat gastrointestinal diseases and strengthen immunity systems and help control metabolism and protect oral health and improve mental well-being. The promising research outcomes encounter major obstacles because of strain-specific discrepancies alongside inadequate standardized methods together with insufficient high-quality clinical research findings. Advanced methods in research and personalized treatment strategies combined with standard regulations will establish optimal methods for using probiotics. The growing understanding of the microbiome indicates that probiotics will assume a vital position in future medical strategies as natural preventive solutions because of their effectiveness in health management. The review summarizes existing research knowledge together with future guidance required to maximize their potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 RASHA ABDUL JABBAR NAJIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Ultrasound in Diagnosing Fetal Anterior Abdominal Wall Anomalies
Introduction: Anomalies of the fetal anterior abdominal wall result from defective embryonic development or failure of embryonic fusion, potentially leading to life-threatening conditions. The incidence is approximately 6.3 per 10,000 pregnancies [1]. Prenatal ultrasound serves as a key diagnostic tool for early detection and management planning [2]. Methods: This study is a retrospective case series conducted over three years (January 2021 to December 2023) at the Kairouan Maternity Hospital. We analyzed medical records of seven cases diagnosed with fetal anterior abdominal wall anomalies via prenatal ultrasound. Results: Among the seven cases, four were diagnosed with omphalocele, two with gastroschisis, and one with bladder exstrophy. Two cases were identified early (13 and 22 weeks of gestation), leading to medical termination of pregnancy. The remaining cases were followed to term, with postnatal surgical management. Conclusion: Fetal anterior abdominal wall anomalies, though rare, significantly impact fetal prognosis due to potential associated malformations and chromosomal abnormalities. Prenatal ultrasound remains an essential tool for early diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and guiding clinical management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadia Marwen, Jawaheer Hammadi, Najla.Dhouibi, Yassmine Ben Ali, Onsi Nasri, Fatnassi Ridha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROFILE OF COMPLICATED/UNCOMPLICATED CROWN FRACTURES AND HEALING COMPLICATIONS IN PERMANENT TEETH - A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Purpose: This retrospective study analyses the profile of uncomplicated/complicated crown fractures in permanent teeth, the frequency of healing complications, and types of treatment methods. Methods: The trauma forms of patients who were registered with uncomplicated/complicated crown fractures from 2016 to 2019 were evaluated. Long-term treatment outcomes were analyzed from patient radiographs using the Periapical Index. The relationship between categorical variables was tested with the Chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to search for an association between the type of fracture, length of follow-up period, and presence of healing complications. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: In this study, a total of 361 teeth of 228 patients aged between 6-14 years old were evaluated. While 243 (67.3%) of these teeth were evaluated as uncomplicated crown fractures, 118 (32.7%) were classified as complicated crown fractures. The relationship between the treatment and the fracture type was found to be statistically significant (p=0.001). When the effect of the length of follow-up period and the fracture types on treatment success was examined by logistic regression analysis, it was found that the follow-up period (p=0.460) and the fracture type (p=0.058) had no effect on healing complications. Conclusion: Retrospective studies help define prognostic factors. When the relationship between crown fracture types and healing complications was examined, it was observed that healing complications were more common in complicated fractures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mısra Özalp Ünsal, Betul Kargul, Muesser Ahu Yilmaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF A DIETARY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN RIVERS STATE NIGERIA
Background: Despite the existence of numerous education programs for diabetic patients in various health centers, patients with diabetes mellitus end up having poor quality of life. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of a dietary educational program on the quality of life of diabetic patients. This study was carried out among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH) and University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Rivers State, Nigeria. Methodology: Using a quasi-experimental design, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH) and University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) were selected as the Control and Experimental groups respectively. At baseline, 180 patients were enrolled but at the end of the study 81 in Control Group (CG) and 81 in Experimental Group (EG) were analyzed. CG received personalized meal timetable, and 2 weekly phone call follow up while EG received Dietary education, using cooked and raw food demonstration, personalized meal timetable and 2 weekly phone call follow up. Data was collected using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The statistics analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22 statistical software with a p-value of <0.05 regarded as significant. Result: Patients' QoL, knowledge and practice was assessed at baseline and six months (P1 & P3). The QoL was classified into "good" and "poor," At P1, EG had better QoL with (EG: 40.7%) while CG had 24%. P =0.001, Q0L at P3 (EG: 54.3%; CG: 30.9%) shows there was an improvement in both groups with p=0.001. Conclusion: Because of the educational program, the quality of life of the patients was affected positively at the end of the program. However, EG had better quality of life because of the use of food demonstration. Thus, dietary interventional program improved the quality of life of the patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 JOHNSON, NKECHI MARTHA, ORDINIOHA, BEST, CHINENYE, SUNNY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Variable Holding Time on Biaxial Strength of Conventional Sintering 4Y and 5Y PSZ
Background: The biaxial strength of dental zirconia restorations is strongly influenced by sintering environments. Variations in sintering protocols could affect zirconia materials' flexural strength. Aim of the study: To examine the effects of varying sintering holding time settings on 4Y and 5Y PSZ translucent zirconia's biaxial flexural strength. Materials & Methods: A digitally designed 3D STL file of disc sample was made, then using CAD CAM, the disc specimens were milled out of 4Y PSZ super translucent multilayered STML and 5Y PSZ ultratranslucent multilayered UTML zirconia ceramics (Kurary Noritake). Specimens of both two main ceramic groups were distributed into 3 subgroups and subjected to 1, 2 and 3 hours holding sintering time at 15500C. After sintering, samples were subjected to piston on 3-balls biaxial flexural strength tests, load was applied until failure occurred, strength results were statistically analyzed utilizing SPSS program and the findings were compared among groups through the use of 1-way ANOVA and T tests, level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: According to our study findings, the 4YSTML 2 hours holding revealed highest flexural strength for tested zirconia disc samples, whereas the lowest strength values was for 5YUTML 1 hour holding. Conclusions: At 15500C sintering temperature, translucent 4Y and 5Y PSZ zirconia showed highest biaxial flexural strength when sintered conventionally for 2 hours, the strength was affected negatively by increased and decreased holding time.
Copyright (c) 2025 YAHYA ADEL ABD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Serum ACTH, Melatonin, and Cortisol Levels in Patients with Hormone Imbalance and Multiple Sclerosis.
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-term inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system due to an abnormal immune response. Hormonal and enzyme changes in these patients can influence the progression and prognosis of the disease. In this research, the levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melatonin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood of MS patients were studied. Methods: This study involved 50 MS patients and 50 healthy individuals. The levels of ACTH, melatonin, and cortisol in the blood were measured using specific ELISA kits. The data obtained were then analyzed statistically using SPSS software. Results: The findings revealed a significant increase in the levels of cortisol and LDH in MS patients (P<0.05), while the levels of melatonin and ACTH showed a significant decrease (P<0.05). The elevated cortisol levels may be attributed to chronic stress and inflammation associated with MS. An increase in LDH levels can indicate tissue damage caused by myelin destruction. On the other hand, decreased melatonin levels may lead to sleep disturbances and increased stress in these patients, while decreased ACTH levels may be linked to disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Conclusion: The hormonal and enzyme changes observed in MS patients illustrate the wide-ranging impact of the disease on various body systems. The increase in cortisol and LDH as well as the decrease in melatonin and ACTH could serve as useful biomarkers for predicting disease progression and managing the condition. These findings align with previous studies and contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms of MS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muslim M. M. Jassim, Sarmad Safaa Radhi, Mustafa Ryadh Maktoof https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PHYSICAL QUALITY OF HOUSES WITH THE INCIDENCE OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN THE WORKING AREA OF THE ACEH BESAR HEALTH CENTER
Background: The spread of pulmonary TB (Tuberculosis) disease is influenced by the environmental conditions in which people live. Environmental components themselves include residential density, ventilation, humidity, type of house floor, type of house walls, temperature and lighting. Apart from that, personal hygiene and environmental sanitation have a significant influence on the incidence of tuberculosis. A house with good lighting and ventilation will make it difficult for germs to grow, because ultraviolet light can kill germs and good ventilation causes air exchange, thereby reducing the concentration of germs. The aim of this research is to find out what the relationship between the physical quality of the house and the incidence of pulmonary TB in Aceh Besar district health center working area. Research methods: This research is an analytical observational research with a case control type of research. Population and sample: The total number of samples studied was 34 case samples and 34 control samples with a ratio of 1:1 so that the number of possible samples in this study was 68 samples. Results: Research results were obtained there is no relationship between the age values p value0.272 > 0.05, with a 95% CI value of 1.84 (0.61-5.53), gender on the value p value0.808> 0.05, with a value of 95% CI 1.12 (0.43-2.91), education Value value p value0.401 > 0.05, with a 95%CI value of 0.62 (0.20-1.89), work value p value0.323> 0.05, with a 95%CI value of 0.51 (0.13-1.95), floor type to value p value0.804> 0.05, with a 95%CI value of 10.88 (0.33 – 2.33), wall type value p value0.115> 0.05, with a 95%CI value of 0.16 (0.26 – 3.07), residential density value p value0.742> 0.05, with a 95% CI value of 1.24 (0.34 – 4.54). There is a relationship between the ventilation area value p value0.001 < 0.05, with a 95% CI value of 4.88 (1.67 – 14.27), temperature value p value0.022 > 0.05, with a 95% CI value of 4.57 (1.16 – 14.39), lighting value p value0.015 < 0.05, with a 95% CI value of 33.37 (1.26-9.15) and humidity value p value0.026 < 0.05, with a 95% CI value of 3.12 (1.13 – 8.63). on the incidence of tuberculosis in the work area of the Aceh Be sar District Health Center. Conclusion: Researchers hope that the community will be able to improve the condition of houses that still do not meet the requirements for a healthy house. Health workers are expected to provide education regarding the criteria for a healthy house that meets the requirements and how to prevent the transmission of tuberculosis.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ajirna, Sofia, Nurjannah, Said Usman, T Maulana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ACCURACY OF IMPRESSION AND MODEL OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT DIGITAL TECHNIQUES IN PARTIAL EDENTULISM IN VIVO
Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of data obtained from two intraoral scanners and models fabricated using two 3D printers for maxillary unilateral partial edentulism in vivo. Methods: The working models were obtained from 20 different participants. The reference datasets were acquired using irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. Two distinct intraoral scanner systems were evaluated: Cerec Omincam (Dentsply Sirona Dental GmBH, Salzburg, Austria) and 3Shape Trios (3Shape Dental Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark). Additionally, data extracted from intraoral scanners of cast models with four unilateral missing teeth in the posterior region of the maxillary arch, classified as Kennedy Class III, were obtained using 3D printers with two different production techniques. The Solflex 650 (W2P, Klosterneuburg, Austria), a 3D printer utilizing DLP technique, used Varseo Wax resin (Bego, Bremen, Germany), while the AccuFab-L4D (Shinning, Hangzhou, China), a 3D printer utilizing LCD technique, used Shinning brand resin. Deviation analysis was conducted to assess accuracy using Geomagic 3D image processing software. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). Results: No significant differences were observed in the accuracy of digital impressions among intraoral scanners and 3D printers. However, a significant difference was noted in the z coordinates across all groups where digital production techniques were applied. The highest accuracy value was observed in the model produced with the Trios intraoral scanner and AccuFab-L4D 3D printer, while the lowest accuracy value was found in the model produced with the Cerec intraoral scanner and Solflex 650 3D printer. Conclusion: The cast models obtained with intraoral scanners and 3D printers in the Kennedy Class III cases demonstrated potential as viable alternatives to study models obtained through conventional techniques.
Copyright (c) 2025 SINEM İŞLER KAYA, ŞEBNEM BEGÜM TÜRKER https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF STRUCTURED EXERCISES AND MUSIC THERAPY ON THE FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE OF STROKE SURVIVORS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL
Background: Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. It often leaves survivors with functional impairments that significantly impact their daily lives. Improving the functional independence of stroke survivors is a critical public health concern. Aim: This study aimed at determining if structured exercises combined with music therapy improves the functional independence of stroke survivors as compared to structured exercises alone. Methods: The study design was a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) in which 86 stroke survivors who were purposively recruited from two tertiary hospitals in Rivers State (University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and River State University Teaching Hospital) were randomized into two groups – experimental and control groups in a parallel ratio of 1:1. The intervention was given for a period of 6 months. All ethical procedures were followed in line with the declaration of Helsinki. Baseline values were measured and compared within groups using Paired t-test and between the groups using Independent t-test. Post-intervention value of the variables was measured and within group comparison was made using Paired t-test while Independent t-test was used for comparism between the groups. Results: There was a statistically significant mean difference within the groups for the functional independence and its two subscales – motor and cognitive subscales (P=0.000). The mean difference between the groups for functional independence and motor subscale was not statistically significant (t= 1.39, P=0.167; t=1.82, P=0.073) while that of cognitive subscale was statistically significant (t=2.46, P=0.016). Conclusion: Structured exercises combined with music therapy do not significantly improve the functional independence of stroke survivors as compared to structured exercises alone. Music therapy sessions should be incorporated prior to conventional treatments in order to boost cognitive functions of the stroke survivors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ifeanyi Kalu OTI, INUMANYE N. OJULE, SUNDAY CHINENYE, BLESSING N.R. JAJA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF CROWN-IMPLANT (C/I) RATIO OF SHORT IMPLANTS ON PERI-IMPLANT STRESS: A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Objectives. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of peri-implant stress with different С/I ratio( 1.5:1, 1.75:1, 2:1) according to the von Mises criterion. Materials and methods: Stress analysis was performed using Invesalius 3.0, Rhinoceros 3D 4.0 software. Three 3D models of the mandibular segment of the bone block were developed: model A, a short implant C/I – 1,5:1; model B, a short implant C/I -1.75:1; model C, a short implant C/I -2:1. Results: The results of the current study, indicate the increase in crown height showed little difference in load at the crown/implant interface with crown/implant ratios of 1.5:1, 1.75:1 and 2:1. Conclusions: Study showed that short implantats for prosthetic rehabilitation can be considered favorable and well substantiated, C/I ratio is not so important for the effective functioning of short implants.
Copyright (c) 2025 NAIRA GHAMBARYAN DDS, CURD BOLLEN DDS, PHD, MSC, HARUTYUN HARUTYUNYAN, GAGIK HAKOBYAN DMSC, PHD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REVIEW OF THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF THE INHALATIONAL USE OF POSITRON EMITTERS
Purpose: In this paper, I am reviewing the current state of art of use of PET imaging in inhalational studies, exploring the potential for this imaging modality in the respiratory field. Inhalational delivery is a commonly used method of drug administration, especially for conditions that affect the lung where optimal lung drug exposure is desired, for example steroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or bronchial asthma (2) or for conditions where the kinetics of systemic therapy has limited access to lungs in conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (3). Approach: I searched the literature, using PubMed and MEDLINE databases, for papers and publications looking into the inhalational use of positron emitters over the last two decades. Results: There has been a quest recently to administer drugs through inhalational methods as an alternative to systemic administration allowing more effective dosing levels with reduced systemic toxicity (4). Nuclear imaging methods such as Single Photon Emission computed tomography (SPECT) and PET, have been used to assess aerosol delivery to the lung. Higher sensitivity, the ability for dynamic acquisition and physiological respiratory gating confers an advantage to PET (7). The biodistribution in the lungs of a number of radiolabeled agents administered via inhalation such as [11C] triamcinolone, [18F] fluticasone, [11C] zanamivir has been evaluated using PET (8-11). Inhalational biodistribution of FDG has also been investigated in conditions such as cystic fibrosis and lung inflammation (11). Conclusions: There are currently continuing advancements in radiotracer development and imaging technologies which offer promising avenues for enhancing drug delivery via inhalation.
Copyright (c) 2025 DR SHADY ABD ELMONEIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of salivary interleukin-17 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common aggressive cancer with few noninvasive biomarkers for early detection. A-17͏, a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in tumor progression could be used as a salivary biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of OSCC. Objectives: To measure and compare levels of IL-17 in saliva of OSCC patients and healthy controls as well as to evaluate the expression of IL-17 in relation to tumor location and patient gender. Methods: In the Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq a case-control study was carried out between March 2024 and January 2025. In total, 90 participants were enrolled; patients and controls matched for age and gender with 55 OSCC patients and 35 healthy controls. Clinically and histopathologically confirmed OSCC. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected under standardized conditions and analyzed for IL-17 concentration by using a commercially available ELISA kit. Statistical analyses were also carried out to compare IL-17 levels between groups as well as associations with tumor location and gender. Results: The OSCC patients had significantly higher salivary IL-17 levels (86.22 ± 19.56 pg/mL) as compared to healthy controls (44.12 ± 13.24 pg/mL) (T = 5.87, p = 0.022). Tumor location showed a significant association with the values of IL-17 (F = 9.12, p = 0.004). The highest values were for tumors in buccal mucosa, gingiva, and tongue; the lowest was for tumors in the palate. No significant difference was noted between males and females regarding IL-17 levels (p=0.11). Conclusion: High levels of salivary IL-17 are linked to OSCC and its level changes with the site of the tumor lesion, which suggests IL-17 as a good easy test for finding and watching OSCC. Being male or female does not seem to affect IL-17 levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Hatem Abdul Wahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pathogenesis And Antibiotic Resistance of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae: A Review Article
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health problem. Rising prevalence and increasing antibiotic resistance in this organism make a growing concern. Timely treatment and management of infections depend on better understanding its microbiological features and effective diagnostic methodologies. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, is an important sexually transmitted infection (STI). The pathophysiology of infections due to N. gonorrhoeae describes interaction of the bacterium with host defense mechanisms that result in various clinical manifestations. Neisseria gonorrhoeae has almost continuously over the last decades been a significant public health challenge increasing infection rates and rising antibiotic resistance. Hence updated protocols for therapy as recently guidelines recommended based upon research findings. This paper shall carry an integrative appraisal of recent works related to the microbiological traits of N. gonorrhoeae, the competence of current diagnostic measures, and the menace brought by antimicrobial resistance. It carries an integrative appraisal of existing research findings on the pathogenesis of N. gonorrhoeae with a focus on its infection mechanisms, antimicrobial resistance, and implications for treatment. This paper shall carry another integrative appraisal of existing perceptions concerning the antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae with a focus on challenges from patterns of resistance, adequacy levels of existing regimens, and possible future directions in research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulaiman Dawod Sulaiman, Dhamyaa Obaid Shalgam, Ali A. Al-fahham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNDERSTANDING REFLEX EPILEPSY: TRIGGERS, MECHANISMS, AND MANAGEMENT
Reflex epilepsy, a distinctive subset of epileptic disorders, is characterized by seizures reliably triggered by specific stimuli or activities. This comprehensive literature review synthesizes current knowledge and recent advancements in understanding reflex epilepsy, shedding light on its diverse triggers, clinical manifestations, and underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. The review explores the vast array of triggers, encompassing visual stimuli, specific movements, cognitive processes, and sensory inputs, revealing the intricate interplay between external stimuli and epileptic events. Significant clinical heterogeneity is observed in reflex epilepsy, with manifestations ranging from focal motor seizures to alterations in consciousness. Advances in neuroimaging and electroencephalography have contributed valuable insights into the neurophysiological basis of reflex epilepsy, emphasizing cortical hyperexcitability and abnormalities in sensory and cognitive processing. Genetic and molecular studies have uncovered potential markers associated with reflex epilepsy, offering a glimpse into its hereditary aspects and paving the way for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The literature underscores the psychosocial impact of reflex epilepsy on the quality of life of affected individuals, prompting the need for holistic, patient-centered care approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF EFFICACY OF TETRACYCLINE AS ROOT CONDITIONING AGENT IN CONJUNCTION WITH PERIODONTAL FLAP SURGERY IN THE TREATMENT OF STAGE I/II GRADE A/B PERIODONTITIS
Introduction: Various organic and inorganic material with minute particle sizes is found which contain remnants of dental calculus, contaminated root cementum, and subgingival plaque after scaling and root planing. Various types of root biomodification agents have not only been used to remove the smear layer but also to enlarge dentinal tubules into which healing of connective tissue may be enhanced. Concentrated tetracycline solution plays a role in removing surface inorganic smear layer created on tooth surface during most dental treatment and also it may be used to expose underlying dentinal tubules. Aim & Objective: To clinically evaluate the efficacy of tetracycline as root conditioning agent in conjunction with periodontal flap surgery in the treatment of stage I/II grade A/B periodontitis Materials and Methods: A total of 20 systematically healthy patients diagnosed with Stage I/II Grade A/B periodontitis were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups. Group 1: 10 Patients received root conditioning agent Tetracycline as an adjunct to Periodontal flap surgery. Group 2:10 Patients were treated with periodontal flap surgery alone. Clinical parameters such as Plaque index, sulcular bleeding index, Probing pocket depth and Clinical attachment level were assessed at baseline and after 3 months of intervention. Results: The result showed an improvement in all clinical parameters such as PI, GI, PPD and CAL in both test and control groups when measured at baseline and after 3 months. The intergroup comparison of mean changes in all parameters from baseline to 3 month reveals a significant reduction in the Group I (test group) as compared to Group II (control group). Conclusion: It was established that root conditioning with tetracycline helped in removal of smear layer and exposure of dentinal tubules. Hence, it’s application as root conditioner has a significant role in periodontal wound healing and future new attachment.
Management of pulp exposure with new materials
The hard dentin walls contain vascular connective tissue called dental pulp. As the primary cause of oral pain, it is also a major area of focus for endodontics and restorative care. In 2014, Garg & Garg Either severe traumas cause the pulp to become inflamed in an effort to protect it, or the caries process degenerates the dentinal framework, exposing the pulp. (Zakaria, 2016) In order to preserve vital pulp and promote the development of reparative dentin, direct pulp-capping is a technique for applying dental material to exposed vital pulp.In 2016, Komabayashi et al. Treatment results are influenced by the right case selection, aseptic care, bleeding control, suitable capping material, and sufficient restoration. As long as the right conditions are in place to promote pulp healing and dentinal regeneration, exposed pulp can be successfully treated. (Zakaria, 2016) In order to encourage healing, Phillip Pfaff carried out the first pulp capping technique in 1756 by packing a little piece of gold over an exposed essential pulp.One of the first and most popular medications for promoting the creation of dentinal bridges after microscopic or large pulpal exposure is calcium hydroxide.These days, a variety of materials, including Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentin, and others, are available for the pulp capping process. (Pathak and others, 2017)
Tell-Show-Do: Effective Behavior Management for Children aged 5 to 9 years
Dental fear affects 24–36% of children aged 5–9, complicating treatment and increasing risks of poor oral health outcomes. The Tell-Show-Do (TSD) technique, a non-pharmacological behavior management strategy, aims to reduce anxiety and enhance cooperation in pediatric dentistry. Aim: This study evaluated TSD's effectiveness in a private dental clinic in Sofia, Bulgaria, from February to April 2025. It involved 60 children (30 boys, 30 girls) aged 5–9 with dental fear and no prior dental experience who required restorations for carious primary molars. Material and methods: The TSD group (n=30) received structured explanations, demonstrations, and treatment, while the control group (n=30) received standard care. Outcomes were assessed using the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale for cooperation, the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS) for anxiety, and a 5-point Likert scale for parental satisfaction. Results: The TSD group showed significantly higher cooperation, greater anxiety reduction, and higher parental satisfaction. Conclusion: TSD's structured approach, supported by child-friendly environments, effectively mitigates dental fear, enhances cooperation, and improves satisfaction, reinforcing its value in private pediatric dental practice.
Chronic Irritation to Malignancy: A Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of The Suprapubic Catheter Tract Extending into Bladder in A 46-Year-Old Man.
Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the suprapubic cystostomy (SPC) tract is a rare but serious complication of long-term catheterization. Chronic irritation, recurrent infections, and metaplastic changes contribute to its pathogenesis. While SCC of the bladder is well-documented, neoplastic transformation at the SPC site remains uncommon, with limited cases reported in the literature. Case Presentation: A 46-year-old man with a history of traumatic urethral stricture and long-term suprapubic catheterization presented with a non-healing ulcer, hematuria, and foul-smelling discharge at the catheter site. Examination revealed an ulcerated mass, and imaging confirmed local tumor invasion with left-sided hydronephrosis but no distant metastasis. Histopathology confirmed well-differentiated SCC. The patient underwent primary radiotherapy (65 Gy in 35 fractions), leading to near-complete tumor resolution. Conclusion: This case highlights the need for vigilance in patients with chronic SPC use who present with persistent ulcerative lesions. Primary radiotherapy may be a viable treatment option. Close surveillance remains crucial to monitor for recurrence.
Comparatives Analysis of Inflammatory and Biochemical Markers in Dialysis Patients: The Impact of Age and Sex
Dialysis is a medical procedure that replaces the kidneys when they are unable to function normally. It helps to keep the blood's chemical balance safe by eliminating waste, extra fluid, and toxins. Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are the two primary varieties. A total of 50 patients were enrolled between August and December 2024. Blood samples were collected to assess kidney function through blood urea, serum creatinine, glucose, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inflammatory biomarkers Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and E-selectin were measured using ELISA. Blood pressure readings were also recorded. The results revealed that Analyzes compared differences based on sex and across age groups (16–32, 33–48, 49–64, and 65–80 years) using one‐sample t‐tests, independent samples t‐tests, and one‐way ANOVAs. Significant differences were observed particularly in MCP-1 between females and males, while analyzes of age groups revealed modest trends with low variance explained. These findings support the need for personalized monitoring strategies that consider sex as a key factor in the management of dialysis patients.
Updates for Silver Nanoparticles' Applications in Medical Field: A Review Article
Nanoparticles are now at the leading center of attention in scientific investigations and applications when it comes to clinical practices, mainly within the scope of nanomedicine. They possess physicochemical properties that allow them to perform biologically in ways traditional materials would never achieve; hence, they enable useful advancements in drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies. For instance, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) attracted tremendous interest recently within the medical field owing to their unique properties that enable them to be used applicatively within diagnostics and therapeutics. Recent literature has placed a significant emphasis on Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), primarily resulting from their new properties and huge potential applications in various biomedical fields, especially for cancer treatment. The current paper presents an overview of existing research concerning nanoparticles of all sorts, their applications, and technological advancement driven based on improving efficacy within the realm of medicine. It also compiles current findings on the preparation, modes of action, uses, and safety issues of AgNPs, focusing mainly on their role in fighting multidrug-resistant infections, cancer therapy, and possible toxicity.
Modulation of Interleukin-35 In the Immune Response to H. Pylori Infection
Background: Infection with Helicobacter pylori is a common disease of the digestive system, normally associated with several degrees of gastritis as well as chronic inflammation. Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is an emerging anti-inflammatory cytokine that mediates regulatory immunity; however, little research has been directed toward its participation in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. Objectives: To assess serum IL-35 levels in patients infected with H. pylori and correlate them with the severity and duration of the disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 80 patients who were clinically suspected to be infected with H. pylori (44 males and 36 females; age range 15–63 years) attending Al-Najaf General Hospital, Iraq, from February 2024 to March 2025. Stool antigen tests confirmed the presence of H. pylori infection. Serum IL-35 concentrations were measured by a sandwich ELISA method. Classification of participants was done according to the status of infection (positive vs. negative), severity of gastritis (mild, moderate, severe), and chronicity of the infection (acute vs. chronic). Results: Out of 80 participants, 58 (72.5%) were positive for H. pylori. The levels of IL-35 were significantly decreased in H. pylori-positive individuals (48.37 ± 22.33 pg/ml) as compared to negatives (58.54 ± 11.45 pg/ml, p =0 .0456). Among the infected patients, the levels of IL-35 varied significantly with the severity of gastritis; mild (35.7 ± 8.09), moderate (51.3 ± 11.11), severe (60 .2 ±17 .22) (F=21 .5, p<0 .0001). The concentrations of IL-35 were also significantly higher in chronic cases (62 .54±12 .32 pg/ml) than acute cases (34 .22±8 .54 pg/ml, p=0.000). Conclusions: IL-35 is low in early H. pylori infection and seems to go up with more gastritis severity and duration, hinting a modulatory role in the host immune response. These findings support potential involvement of IL-35 in immunopathogenesis and progression of H. pylori related gastric inflammation.
Analysis of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Culture Related to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Behavior at Syiah Kuala University Teaching Hospital, Banda Aceh
Workplace accidents in hospitals became a serious concern given their impact on workers and the quality of services. National and regional Aceh data indicated that occupational safety and health (OSH) incidents still occur, often caused by suboptimal worker behavior towards safety. Although an OSH culture is believed to be crucial in preventing accidents and improving service quality, its implementation has not been fully effective in various healthcare facilities. This study analyzed OSH behavior and the factors that contributed to the formation of an OSH culture at the Teaching Hospital of Syiah Kuala University Banda Aceh, where initial observations indicated challenges related to the socialization and compliance withOHSprocedures. A quantitative approach was employed using correlational and ex post facto methods on 100 medical and non-medical personnel. This research found that OSH behavior was significant in shaping the OSH culture, positively influenced by management commitment, regulations/SOPs, knowledge, and OSH communication, but not significantly by OSH training. Factors such as management commitment also influence regulations/SOPs and OSH communication, while training is correlated with OSH knowledge. Strengthening the OSH culture required a focus on improving worker behavior through more intensive OSH training, clear regulations, increased knowledge, and effective communication. Thus, cultivating an OSH culture has to become a primary priority and be integrated into every aspect of hospital operation.
An Analysis of Determinants Affecting the Utilization of Integrated Non-Communicable Disease Service Posts (Posbindu PTM) in the Ulee Kareng Public Health Center, Banda Aceh City: A Health Belief Model Approach
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, including in Indonesia, with a growing prevalence particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Banda Aceh City has recorded increasing rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, the utilization of early detection services through the Integrated Non-Communicable Disease Service Post (Posbindu PTM) remains suboptimal, with only 32% of the target population visiting the service at Ulee Kareng Public Health Center—far below the national target of 100%. This low utilization rate is presumed to be linked to public perceptions regarding disease risk and the importance of routine health screenings. This study aimed to examine the determinants influencing the utilization of Posbindu PTM using the Health Belief Model (HBM), which focuses on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers to health behavior. This study employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The population comprised individuals aged 15–59 years living in the catchment area of the Ulee Kareng Public Health Center in 2024. A total of 375 respondents were selected as the study sample. The data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method with SmartPLS version 4.0. The findings indicated that perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy were significantly associated with the utilization of Posbindu PTM. In contrast, family support, support from health cadres and health workers, peer support, and perceived barriers showed no significant association. The most influential determinant was perceived benefits. Interventions that enhance individuals' perceived benefits are recommended for government initiatives aimed at increasing the utilization of Posbindu PTM services.
Mesenchyme Meets Epithelium: Immunohistochemical Challenges in Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Sarcomatoid carcinomas are biphasic tumors proven to be monoclonal dedifferentiated forms of conventional Squamous Cell Carcinomas which is characterized by a dysplastic epithelial component and a stromal element with invasive fusiform or spindle-shaped cells. The clinical and histopathologic characteristics make it very difficult to distinguish Sarcomatoid Carcinoma from conventional Squamous cell Carcinoma .The present case depicts a 74 year old male patient with a chief complaint of a large, irregular, multilobulated ,exophytic soft tissue growth, having brownish black appearence involving bilateral maxillary alveolar ridge and buccal sulcus region since 1month . Incisional biopsy was performed – soft tissue was processed and finally the paraffin block was sent for immunohistochemical analysis. The dilemma in diagnosis was resolved by microscopic observation of invading atypical epithelial cells into the stroma and the epithelial as well as mesenchymal lineage was confirmed through immunopositivity for Vimentin, CK7 & EMA.
Optical Density in Biochemistry: Principles and Applications in Analytical Methods: A Review
Optical density is one of the great principles of optics, expressed as the attenuation of light by a medium through which it passes. In most applications, it provides a critical link between the phenomena of light-matter interactions observed in such diverse fields as photonics, materials science, and nanotechnology. It therefore becomes a key parameter in biochemical analysis that links sample absorbance characteristics at given wavelengths quantitatively to desirable determinations for an array of laboratory applications. The measurement of optical density has recently been reported to become central to enzymatic assays with avenues opened into enzyme kinetics, reaction dynamics, and even biomarker detection. The fact that this method is non-invasive places it among methods whose assays have enhanced sensitivity and specificity possible both in clinical diagnostics and biochemical research. This paper presents a review toward synthesis based on recent investigations related explicitly to principles development with implications and applications thereof. It also brings together recent discoveries about how to use optical density in biochemical tests, mainly looking at its part in improving the sharpness and success of many checks and sensor tools. It also pulls together recent clues about using optical density in enzyme tests, points out missing pieces of what we know, and offers where future studies should go. Even with the progress made in this area there are still gaps in our understanding especially about how to link optical density with new technologies and materials.
Causes and Measures for Reducing Road Traffic Accidents Along the Kaduna- Abuja Expressway, Kaduna State, North-West, Nigeria.
Background: Globalization has led to increasing motorization with a resultant increase in the frequency and severity of morbidity and mortality among road traffic accident (RTA) victims. This makes it important that the attention of all drivers especially commercial drivers be drawn to the causes of RTA and measures that can be taken to reduce road traffic accidents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research was carried out among 366 commercial vehicle drivers plying the Kaduna-Abuja expressway with the aim of finding their views on the causes and measures capable of reducing road traffic accidents along the Kaduna-Abuja expressway. Results: Overspeeding had the highest frequency 102 (27.9%) of all the causes of RTA among the respondents, followed by bad roads 79 (21.6%), drivers’ impatience 62 (16.9%), dangerous overtaking 36 (9.9%), burst tire 25 (6.8%), driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol (DUI) 20 (5.5%), armed robbers/kidnappers attack 14 (3.8%), failed brake 10 (2.7%), sleeping while driving 9(2.5%) and others 9 (2.5%). Concerning measures to reduce RTA, road expansion had the highest frequency 137 (37.4%), this was followed by training of drivers on road signs and road safety measures 70 (19.1%), obeying traffic rules 69 (18.9%), regular road maintenance 65 (17.8%), effective markings of road safety signs 11 (3%), a campaign against driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol 7 (1.9%), enough rest periods for drivers 4(1.1%), and regular vehicle maintenance 3(0.8%). Conclusion: the study has noted overspeeding, bad road networks, burst tires, dangerous overtaking, driver’s impatience, driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, sleeping while driving, armed robbers/kidnappers attacks, and failed brake as the main causes of road traffic accident along the Kaduna-Abuja expressway and measures to reduce RTA include campaign against driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol, effective markings of road safety signs, enough rest periods for drivers, expansion of the road network, regular road maintenance, regular vehicle maintenance, training of drivers on road signs and safety measures, and obeying traffic rules. It was therefore recommended that strict enforcement of traffic laws regular road and regular vehicle maintenance are key to reducing or eliminating RTA along the Kaduna-Abuja expressway.
Emergence of Plasmid Mediated Colistin Resistance Genes in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Clinical Isolates from Najaf Hospitals
Background: The "last resort" medications for treating infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are polymyxins, such as colistin. Objective: prevalence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes that contribute to colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae that produce carbapenemase in clinical isolates in Najaf hospitals Subjects and Methods: Cross-section study was conducted between November 2024 to February 2025 at Al-Najaf hospitals. Clinical specimens were gathered from individuals who were either admitted to or visited hospitals, All isolates in the current study had been identified by depending on morphological characteristic, microscopically examination, and biochemical tests. Antibiotics susceptibility was performed by disk diffusion methods. Colistin broth disk elution test for colistin antibiotic. The K. pneumoniae isolates exhibited resistance to colistin were examined for the presences of plasmid mediated mcr-1 to mcr-8 genes. And bla genes (bla CTX-M, blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaIMP) were identified using the PCR technique. Results: A total of 150 isolates were obtained during the study period from the major hospitals in Najaf; 78(52%) were recognized as K. pneumoniae. Antibiotic resistance among isolates diverse from 11.5% for colistin to 100% for ampicillin, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic. Genotype bla gene positive ESBL for K. pneumoniae isolates 13 (16.6%) have blaOXA, 13 (16.6%) blaCTX-M isolates have and 17(21.8%) have blaSHV, the frequency of carbapenemase-encoding genes among the isolates, bla IMP was negative for all isolates. All phenotype colistin resistance isolates 9 K. pneumoniae, the frequencies of plasmid mediated colistin resistance mcr genes. No isolates were positive for plasmid encoded colistin resistance gene mcr1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-7, mcr-8, while all the eight-colistin resistant isolates harbored the plasmid mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-6. Conclusion: The proportion of colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates in Al-Najaf hospital is alarming. This is the first report of plasmid encoded colistin resistance K. pneumoniae isolate that carries mcr-6 in Al-Najaf hospital.
Biochemistry, Pathophysiology and Clinical Significance of Lactoferrin: A Review Article
Lactoferrin is a multi-iron binding functional glycoprotein with significant clinical applications in the treatment of infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, cancer, neonatology, and metabolic conditions. Its normal function involves high affinity iron sequestration complementary direct microbial membrane interactions making it an important part of the innate immune system. Clinically proven effective in lactoferrin supplementation to reduce neonatal infections on sepsis as well as necrotizing enterocolitis; this will be a promising prophylactic approach for preterm infants. Its antiviral activity broadens even more its therapeutic potency regarding emerging viral infections including some preliminary applications on COVID-19. It is reported that the immunomodulatory lactoferrin regulates both processes by controlling cytokine production and cell function. Fecal lactoferrin is an easy-to-apply inflammation marker within the intestines for inflammatory bowel disease besides being helpful in monitoring how well treatment is working. Apart from these functions, lactoferrin can exert anticancer activity via antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic as well as anti-angiogenic mechanisms. Newer evidences also support its application as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. Additionally, lactoferrin has a role in neonate development through gut maturation plus immune system education. Disorder management, especially metabolic, cardiovascular, and diabetic related disorders, seems to be where lactoferrin aces it by modulating iron homeostasis plus reducing oxidative stress. The challenges of the bioavailability and standardized preparations of lactoferrin limit the therapeutic promise it holds. Further advances in delivery technologies, together with expanded clinical trials, are needed to optimize its use.
Knowledge, Attitude and Barriers to Fluoride Treatment Use Among Peoples
Background: Fluoride is a cornerstone of preventive dentistry, playing a vital role in maintaining oral health. Its ability to strengthen tooth enamel, enhance remineralization, and inhibit bacterial activity makes it indispensable in protecting teeth from decay. The aim of study to assess the knowledge level, attitudes and barriers of patients toward fluoride treatments. Method: Stratified random sampling was chosen to ensure representativeness by dividing participants into subgroups based on age and gender, followed by random selection within each group. Data collection was done through a structured questionnaire developed to assess participants knowledge of fluoride treatments, their attitudes toward fluoride use and the barriers they perceived to using fluoride treatments. Correlation analysis to assess the relation between Knowledge, attitude and demographic factors regarding fluoride treatment. Odd Ratios wit 95% confidence intervals were calculated to identify barriers to fluoride treatment. Statistically significant level was defined as less than 0.05 probability. Results: The study showed that 77.9% of participants had never heard about fluoride treatment and 91% lacked knowledge about its benefits. The most significant barriers to fluoride use were a lack of knowledge 48.1% and the absence of dentist recommendation 37.6%. Correlation analysis showed that education had the strongest positive relation with fluoride knowledge r = 0.46, P= 0.001. Logistic regression indicated that knowledge OR = 2.4, P = 0.0001 and barriers to fluoride use OR = 3.0, P = 0.0001 were strong predictors of willingness to receive fluoride treatment. Conclusion: Addressing these barriers through education, financial support and accessibility improvements will be crucial in increasing fluoride utilization and enhancing oral health outcomes.
Molecular Insights into The Role of Non-Coding Rnas in The Pathogenesis and Progression of Human Diseases: A Review Article
The ncRNAs don’t change the central dogma, but rather they tell us that non-protein coding parts of the genome are actually essential in controlling expression and functions of genes at the cellular level. The paper covers major classes of ncRNAs comprising housekeeping RNAs, microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs with diverse mechanisms of actions. More detailed descriptions are provided for ncRNA function in human health and disease: cancer; cardiovascular diseases; and neurological disorders. Herein they can be oncogenes and tumor suppressors or critical modulators in pathophysiological processes. This work highlights diagnostic as well as prognostic potentials based on circulating ncRNAs which are relatively novel non-invasive biomarkers that have gained much attention lately. Among therapeutic strategies discussed is one that includes direct miRNA replacement through synthetic miRNA mimics and antagomiRs plus antisense oligonucleotides as inhibitors of ncRNA function. The article also sets out current challenges and future directions for clinical application of research findings relating to ncRNAs even while underscoring their promise as key effectors in precision medicine.
Exploring the therapeutic potential of TGF-β in albino mice infected with hydatid cyst using immunohistofluorescence analysis
This study was designed to rate the efficacy of different antiparasitics against secondary echinococcosis in albino Mus musculus Balb/c borrowed laboratory IHF (immunohistofluorescence) staining method. Mice were experimentally infected with hydatid cysts and then treated with oxfendazole (OFZ), praziquantel (PZQ), and albendazole (ABZ) at 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Treatment was administered once weekly for four months. The combination of OFZ + PZQ treatment presented the highest level of therapeutic efficiency; the other treatments presented descending levels in the sequence: OFZ only, OFZ + ABZ, and ABZ + PZQ. The IHF staining aimed at detection and evaluation of expression for TGF-β3 cytokine within liver and spleen tissues obtained from these animals. Oxfendazole can be considered an encouraging drug under the findings observed for hydatid disease.
Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance of Molecular Chaperones – A Review Article
Proteins known as molecular chaperones are essential components of cellular protein homeostasis since these proteins assist others in folding and stabilizing or degrading the polypeptides. The principle is that if misfolded or aggregated proteins—common in many pathologies such as cancer, neurodegenerative, and genetic diseases—are inhibited from forming deposits, then normal pathology can be restored. In general, chaperones have been recognized as significant targets and tools in clinical therapies due to their centrality towards proteostasis and thus provide room for innovation treatment approaches such as pharmacological chaperone therapy, chaperone inhibition, and gene-based enhancement strategies. Therefore, a deep insight into the structure and function of these proteins is paramount for safe and target-specific intervention development. The paper should try to convince the readers regarding the fact that though molecular chaperones possess all the requirements idealized theoretically to be applied clinically as therapeutic agents, there exist several practical obstacles that make this successful clinical application dubious.
The Role of Nrf2 (Nfe2l2) In the Physiological and Biochemical Pathways Underlying Oxidative Stress-Induced Male Infertility
Male infertility related to oxidative stress begins with a severe imbalance between the overwhelming generation of reactive oxygen species and restricted capacity of endogenous antioxidant defenses. A chain reaction is initiated by this oxidative imbalance in structural and functional damages to the sperm, such as peroxidation of lipids in the plasma membrane, oxidative modifications to proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and fragmentation to both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Such molecular damages motility of sperm reduce fluidity in membranes and general fertility thus leads ultimately reduces reproductive success. NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) has been described as a master regulator in controlling cellular antioxidant responses and hence playing central protective roles against oxidative stresses. In conditions of oxidation NRF2 separates from its cytoplasmic repressor Keap1 moves to nucleus binds on ARE then induces transcription detoxification as well as antioxidant genes including HO-1 heme oxygenase-1 NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase -1 superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase. It is this signaling pathway that maintains redox homeostasis and protection against cellular damage induced by ROS. On the other hand, impaired NRF2 activation or polymorphisms in the NFE2L2 gene have been associated with increased oxidative stress as well as increased sperm DNA damage and decreased sperm quality. Therefore, elucidating the NRF2 signaling cascade provides a promising approach for developing targeted diagnostic markers and therapeutic interventions. Future strategies may include combining NRF2 activity assessment with advanced redox biomarkers and personalized antioxidant therapy to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of male infertility caused by oxidative stress, thereby providing more precise and effective reproductive healthcare solutions.
Genetic Engineering in Medicine: New Tools and Medical Applications
Genetic engineering is the main reason for radical transformation of modern medicine by allowing molecular level accurate manipulations for prevention, treatment and possible cure from numerous diseases. Recently developed technologies include CRISPR-Cas9 plus newly created systems delivering genes that facilitate the rapid evolution of gene-based therapies on infections, malignant tumors, and hereditary disorders. This review article investigates new approaches to fight pathogens come with GE involving immune cell engineering and therapeutic vaccine design while tools for tumor microenvironment modulation and immune recognition enhancement as well as direct editing of mutations driving cancer are opened up in oncology through GE. Besides, genetic engineering promises treatment of hereditary diseases through correction of pathogenic variants within autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked disorders which vastly improves patient quality of life and survival possibilities. Beneath all this great advancement lies substantial problems in delivery efficiency, ethical considerations, much needed long-term safety data as well others. Further study and careful clinical translation will be required to unleash the total therapeutic potential that GE can provide. Jointly, these advances put genetic engineering right at the cutting edge of precision medicine by offering new hope for conditions that were previously considered unamenable to treatment and rewriting the future landscape of medical treatment.
Expanding Horizons of CBCT in Prosthodontics: Diagnosis and Planning in Implant, Maxillofacial, TMJ, and Overdenture Therapies (A review)
Background: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has revolutionized radiological examination. The use of CBCT in the orofacial area allows for precise three-dimensional visualization. The shortcomings of two-dimensional radiological technologies, particularly in terms of dental implants, motivate the widespread use of CBCT equipment. Aim: To highlight the benefits and limitations of employing CBCT equipment in various disciplines of prosthodontics for diagnosis and treatment planning of implant, maxilla-facial, temporomandibular joint, and overdenture therapy. CBCT is currently widely utilized in many prosthodontic treatments. The key reasons are its smaller size, lower cost, and decreased radiation exposure when compared to computed tomography. CBCT allows for three-dimensional examination of the maxilla, mandible, skull, and other relevant structures. Conclusion: Three-dimensional radiography, or CBCT, is a diagnostic tool that dentists and dental specialists may utilize to conduct a complete examination and arrange treatments.
Torque Removal Test as a Diagnostic Tool for Implant Osseointegration and Surface Coating Efficacy
Background: The incorporation of Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) nanoparticles onto implant surfaces presents a promising advancement in the field of implantable devices, potentially enhancing both stability and longevity. Aims: The aim of the study is to investigate how Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) nanoparticles enhance osseointegration and bone formation on implant surfaces, and to optimize their application for improved implant performance. Materials and methods: screws made from commercially pure titanium were fabricated and coated using dip coating method and sterilized. The screws were then implanted into the tibia bone of twenty male rabbits. A torque removal test was then conducted using a digital torque meter by inserting the screwdriver into the implant head's slit to measure the peak torque needed to remove the implant. Statistical analysis involved the use of independent t test at p < 0.05. Results: SrTiO3 nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential to improve osseointegration and stimulate bone formation. Physically, these nanoparticles increase the roughness of the surface area of implants, which can enhance the initial mechanical interlocking with surrounding bone tissue. Conclusions: The interaction between SrTiO3 nanoparticles and biological systems involves complex pathways, including the modulation of cellular responses and the release of bioactive ions that can affect bone regeneration. These effects are critical for improving the performance of implants, as enhanced osseointegration leads to greater implant stability and reduced risk of implant failure.
Detection of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in adult T- cell Leukemia by RT-qPCR
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with serious hematological and neurological disorders. Understanding its epidemiological distribution is essential for effective prevention and control strategies. Human samples from Leukemia patients were collected from November 16, 2024, to January 1, 2025. The age range of the patients was 18 years to 80 years. The RT-qPCR method was used to detect Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in all samples; the results showed Twenty-five positive cases for Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 . The population groups studied were divided into five age groups: 18-27, 28-37, 38-47, 48-57, and 58-67 years. The first group (18-27) had the highest number of infected cases at 56%, compared to the age group (28-37 at 12%, 38-47 at 8%, 48-57 at 14%, and the age group 58-67 at 8%). The samples were collected from Hospital, Middle Euphrates Cancer Center in Najaf province. The findings revealed that individuals aged 18 to 27 years had the highest infection rate with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). Additionally, the infection was more prevalent among males compared to females.Leukemia.
Evaluating MicoRNA-21 of Human of Papillomavirus by RT-qPCR
Human samples from Breast Cancer patients were collected from October 2024 to December 2024.Breast Cancer was included (36 – 74 years). The RT-qPCR, Method was used to detect miR-21 of all samples. The population groups studied samples subject groups were distributed into 4 groups including (36-45,46-55,56-65, and 66-75,) years. The samples were isolated from the Hospital of the (Middle Euphrates Cancer Center) this is the first study in the region to explore the relationship between HPV infection and gene expression patterns, of microRNAin breast cancer patients. A significant reduction in the expression of miR-21-5p, was observed in HPV-positive cases, indicating a potential suppressive effect of HPV on key immunological and regulatory pathways within the tumor microenvironment.
The Role of Hexapods in Ecosystem Stability and Transmitted Diseases: A Review Article
Hexapods are a diverse group of insects and their related arthropods that play a vital role in shaping and maintaining terrestrial ecosystems. Their ecological functions include pollination, decomposition, soil aeration, and natural pest control, all of which contribute significantly to ecosystem stability. Some species among hexapods are the most efficient vectors of different pathogenic diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, Lyme disease, and Chagas. Thus, these organisms place themselves in a rather complicated interface of biodiversity conservation and disease epidemiology. Changes in the environment due to climate change, habitat destruction or urbanization would influence the ecological roles played by hexapods in the transmission of vector-borne diseases. This double use highlights their essential ecological roles while also exploring them as agents of disease transmission. Recent studies on both negative and positive impacts will therefore be reviewed here to allow an understanding of how hexapods impact ecosystem functioning and human health. This duality is also very important for integrated strategies that provide support towards achieving ecological sustainability while reducing health risks amid global ecological changes. It seeks to give an even and broad view of the ecological helps by hexapods and the public health dangers linked with insect-borne sicknesses. Such a grasp is key for biodiversity care, sustainable growth, and health readiness in a fast-changing world.
Isolation and Diagnosis or Identified Microorganisms for Hookah in Najaf Province
Young adults who use hookahs continue to pose a risk to public health. The harmful effects of hookah smoking, which include both acute and chronic health concerns, have been revealed by more and more study. Hookah clubs and lounges lack procedures for equipment sanitation because there is currently no regulation in place. To investigate any indications of bacterial contamination in hookah pipes as a result of noncompliance with sanitation rules. Additionally, when mouthpieces is shared, there is an increased chance of contracting various respiratory illnesses, such as those caused by viruses, oral bacteria, and fungi. infection such as E. coli, Mycobacteria tuberculosis, Pseudo monas Sp., Staphylococcus aurous, Salmonella Sp., and klebsella Sp.; Aspergillus Aspergillus flavus, niger. Rhizopus Sp., Candida Sp., and Curvularia Sp. Researchers found that the use of hookahs has become a public health concern due to secondhand smoke, the spread of infectious diseases like TB, herpes, and Aspergillus infection, as well as chronic lung diseases like pulmonary TB, lung abscess, bronchopneumonia, with residual lung cavity, asthma, and lung malignancy that have been documented. Bacterial and Fungal sample were collected at 15 hookah bars in Najaf Province, at each of the 15-hookah bare, Afruit –flavored hookah was ordered and sterile Specimen were collected for bacterial and Fungi examination from four predetermined parts on the hookah pipe. Specifically, the sampled areas included the inside of the fixed mouthpiece, personal from mouth swabbed, detachable hose near the water vase and the non-diSposable hose connecter where the adetachable hose is attached. These sites were sampled with asterile cotton swab,which was then applied to the surface of sterile DifcoTM. The samples were transfered Microorganisms to laboratory of advanced mycology \faculty of science \Kufa University for diagnosis and study.
The Value of Exercise Testing in Prediction of Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patient Along with SYNTAX Score
Object: Exercise tolerance testing, or ETT, is an effective instrument to diagnose which patients have ischemia when activity impacts their electrocardiograms. It can also be used to collect significant information about exercise capacity, exercise-induced arrhythmias, blood pressure and heart rate responses, and symptoms. Aims: To determine the severity and complexity of CAD, a complete angiographic scoring system is employed intermittently called SYNTAX score. The association between Syntax score and CAD severity in patients with diabetes mellitus is not well-researched in the background. Methodology: Patients with diabetes who were thought to have coronary artery disease received exercise tolerance testing. Syntax score was used to evaluate positive cases undergoing coronary angiography in order to predict the association. In the cardiology department of the Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute in Dhaka, observational research was performed. Bangladesh, between June 1, 2020, to November 30, 2023. Based on their Duke tread mill scores, 520 patients were included in this study and separated into groups. Diabetic patients with high Duke Treadmill score (DTS) (≤-11) were included in group I and diabetic patients with medium ( -10 to +4) and low Duke Treadmill score (≥+ 5) were included in group II. Results: Throughout June 1, 2020, and November 30, 2023 in the cardiology department of the Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute in Dhaka, observational research was performed, Bangladesh. There were 520 patients studied and grouped according to their Duke treadmill scores. The mean age of study population was 55.2 ± 9.0 years, ranging from 18 to 75 years. Triple vessel disease patients exhibited a statistically significant (p=0.001) higher SYNTAX score > 22 than SYNTAX score < 22. The probability of developing severe coronary artery disease (SYNTAX score > 22) is more than 5.0 (95% CI = 3.7-7.6) times higher for diabetic patients with DTS < -11 (high-risk group) than for those with DTS ≥ -10 (low & medium risk) (p < 0.001). The considerable adverse relationship among the DTS and SYNTAX scores is evident (r = - 0.583, p 0.0001). Conclusion: High DTS was found to be strongly connected with the coronary artery disease severity by calculating SYNTAX score. Patients with high Duke Treadmill scores are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Impact of Dental Esthetics and Oral Health Status on Psychological Well Being and Dental Self Confidence in University Students
Background: Cosmetic dentistry, also known as dental esthetics, focuses on enhancing the appearance of teeth, gums, and overall smile. Procedures such as tooth whitening, orthodontics, veneers, dental implants, and gum contouring aim to improve dental appearance, thereby boosting an individual’s self-confidence and quality of life. Objectives: The study aimed to assess perceived satisfaction with dental appearance, evaluate oral health status, and explore the relationship between dental esthetics, psychological well-being, and self-confidence. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, involving 1500 participants aged 18 to 35 years. Methods: The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire [PIDAQ] and World Health Organization [WHO] Oral Health Assessment Form (2013) were used for evaluation. Informed consent was obtained and data was collected. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] 26.0 Software, and the Pearson Chi square test to analyse statistical significance. Results: Of the 1500 participants, 732 (48.8%) were male and 768 (51.2%) female. Results showed that 508 (33.87%) individuals were highly satisfied, 654 (43.6%) satisfied, and 338 (22.53%) dissatisfied with their smile. A significant association was found between gender and smile satisfaction, with females reporting higher levels of concern. Tooth color was the leading cause of dissatisfaction, followed by teeth alignment. Conclusions: The study concludes that dental esthetics and oral health have a significant impact on individuals’ attitudes, psychological wellbeing, and dental self-confidence. Poor dental appearance, especially due to caries and missing teeth, contributes to low self-esteem and increased anxiety. Improving dental esthetics is essential for enhancing both mental health and social confidence in young adults.
Analysis of the Mechanical and Biological Effects of 3D Printing Techniques in the Design and Construction of Dental Restorative Prostheses: A Comparative Study between Traditional Methods and Advanced Digital Technologies
This study comprehensively evaluates the mechanical and organic performance of 3D- published dental prostheses in comparison to standard techniques. A laboratory- primarily based comparative layout assessed compressive energy, flexural staying power, floor roughness, cytocompatibility, and bacterial adhesion throughout 20 samples (10 traditional, 10 3D-printed). Results revealed that 3D-published prostheses exhibited superior precision (surface roughness: 0.35 vs. 0.55 µm; p < 0.001), fatigue resistance (62,100 vs. 52,300 cycles; p < 0.001), and biocompatibility (mobile viability: 93.5% vs. 86.2%; p = 0.007). However, fabric-dependent limitations were obvious, with photopolymer resins displaying decrease fracture resistance than PEEK or cobalt- chrome alloys. Bacterial adhesion reduced through 32% on 3D-published surfaces (p < 0.001), underscoring their medical potential for infection-susceptible instances. The have a look at concludes that 3D printing gives a possible opportunity for precision- driven applications but necessitates fabric improvements for high-load scenarios. Future studies should discover complex geometries and lengthy-term in vivo performance to optimize scientific adoption.
Etiology, Epidemiology and treatment of bacterial pharyngitis: a review article
Pharyngitis is an upper respiratory tract condition common in both general and specialist clinics. Though the majority of cases are viral, bacterial pharyngitis led by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) still forms a major percentage of infections with a risk for severe complications like rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscesses. Knowledge of the pathogens, epidemiological trends, and treatment strategies would ensure optimal care and prevent antibiotic misuse. The purpose of this review is to describe what is currently known about the bacterial etiologies of pharyngitis while narrowing the more likely causative organisms—Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium necrophorum. It then discusses global and regional epidemiological trends plus how age, seasonal timing, and socioeconomic status factor into disease prevalence. This paper reviews treatment strategies. It discusses the use of empiric antibiotics based on evidence, antimicrobial resistance, clinical scoring systems, and rapid diagnostics in guiding treatment. Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem increasingly pressing that has not left bacterial pharyngitis untouched as timely and adequate management depend on accurate diagnosis. Thus, recent evidence consolidated here offers clinicians as well as investigators an updated comprehensive insight into bacterial pharyngitis toward improved disease targeting through enhanced precision in diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic decision-making besides public health measures in transmission control and antimicrobial resistance.
Artificial Intelligence: Clinical Applications in Medical Field
Artificial intelligence is proven to be the technology that is changing the 21st century across many fields, including healthcare, finance, and education. The journey of AI has had many glorious footsteps leading to its current status and future potential. AI is gradually taking over how things are done in real life, such as the provision of accurate diagnostics, personalizing treatments, and making administrative workflows efficient. Currently, surgical Artificial Intelligence (AI) is in the fast lane of evolution with innovations in machine learning (ML), analytics, and robotics. In this review, we touch on the overall development of AI, its historical background, and the most recent advances that have appeared in this area while also summarizing the most recent research findings on its clinical application for diagnosis and treatment support in different medical fields, including diagnostics, imaging, decision-making during surgery, and caring for the patients as well as locating the knowledge gaps and suggesting future research directions.
Current Advances in The Molecular and Histopathological Aspects of Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review
Glioblastoma multiforme represents the most aggressive of all primary brain neoplasms in adults, characterized by extremely poor prognosis and limited therapeutic interventions. This paper reviews current knowledge regarding molecular and histopathological insights into GBM. Besides demonstrating necrosis and microvascular proliferation with high cellularity- which have made it a diagnosis of classification and clinical behavior- at the molecular level this tumor is unleashed by diverse genetic and epigenetic changes. This includes alterations in IDH mutation, PTEN loss, EGFR amplification as well as MGMT promoter methylation controlling tumor progression as well as treatment response to therapies. Further, therapeutic resistance arising due to the heterogeneity of cells within tumors plus associated recurrence has emphasized another dimension requiring focus in research studies regarding treatment options for cancer anywhere between baseline laboratory benches up through human patient applications. Additionally included are immune cell components among others such as extracellular matrix elements plus signaling pathways promoting invasion/survival processes inside mass development regions resulting finally to Spatial Transcriptomics-based single-cell sequencing mapping out spatial complexity yet providing directions towards potential biomarkers along with precise therapy choices. Progress does not dissuade the fact that GBM carries such a forlorn prognosis, hence the need for integrated research approaches that would incorporate histological, molecular, and microenvironmental information. It is, therefore, imperative to underscore comprehensive tumor profiling in guiding future therapeutic strategies toward clinical outcome improvement.
Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Driven Analytical Approaches for Medical Diagnostics: A Review
Nanotechnology has significantly reshaped analytical chemistry by introducing techniques and materials that enhance sensitivity, specificity, and miniaturization of analytical systems. These advances are particularly impactful in medical diagnostics, where early and accurate detection is crucial. As research progresses, further integration of nanomaterials into diagnostic platforms promises continued improvements in assay performance and accessibility, especially in resource-limited settings. It is through nanotechnology and analytical chemistry, that the transformations have occurred in the area of medical diagnostics precipitating from the characteristics of nanoscale materials. Starting from properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, quantum effects, tunable optical or electrical properties, etc., very sensitive and selective tools for medical diagnostics on ultralow concentrations of biomarkers are being developed. Among them are innovations recently presented here describing gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and magnetic nanoparticles-based analytical techniques. The trend biosensors exploited for lateral flow systems in lab-on-a-chip and even wearable sensors cover an application field from early cancer detection to infectious pathogen identification to glucose monitoring with real-time detection up to non-invasive liquid biopsy analysis on circulating tumor biomarkers. Meanwhile, it opens a review window by indicating however nanotechnology integrated together with artificial intelligence and microfluidic systems can result in a laboratory on a chip for personalized healthcare at the patient's bedside. Though issues of reproducibility, cost, and regulatory approval remain, the future convergence of nanotechnology with biomedical diagnostics is extremely promising. This paper further emphasizes the dire need for continued interdisciplinary research and development toward gaining the proposed clinical advantages of nanodiagnostics and making sure about their successful movement from laboratories into real healthcare applications.
Detecting Moving Targets Using Remote Sensing Techniques
In this research, we investigated the potential for developing the use of thermal cameras mounted on drones. We used a Chinese drone, and used a rabbit as the target to study the thermal changes occurring in the rabbit's body and track its movements. The Green Belt area near the Fourth Intifada was chosen as a site to study rabbit movement. The thermal changes emitted from the body were monitored by monitoring the infrared thermal emissions emitted by the rabbit's body. First, the temperature changes in the rabbit's body were monitored while it was in a state of rest, i.e., not moving. The lowest temperature of its body was recorded at 22 ◦C, while the highest temperature was around 34 ◦C. Secondly, thermal changes were monitored during the running process, as pictures were taken of the rabbit during the running process and then processed within the FLIR Tools program, and so thermal emissions were obtained. Thermal changes ranged between 24 ◦C as the lowest temperature of the body, while the highest degree was around 40 ◦C. The reason for this increase was the result of the increase in blood flow inside the body as a result of the increase in vital activities during running, which increases the rate of heat emissions emitted from it. In this study, remote sensing techniques were combined with thermal imaging techniques from the Landsat 8 satellite, and the images were converted to raster format for processing within the Arc Map 10.2 program. The results were close to those of thermal imaging cameras, where a controlled classification was performed on the thermal image, and the body's thermal changes were recorded, with a low of 22°C and a high of 42°C. This study concluded that it is possible to use thermal cameras and integrate them with remote sensing technologies to track moving targets. This study can be generalized and developed to track the movements of military vehicles, in addition to the movement of people, and to determine their locations and monitor all their movements during the night search and photography process.
A Comparative Study Between Manual vs. Electric Dental Anesthesia
Electric Dental Anesthesia (EDA) defined as a technique that achieving a local anesthesia by applying of “Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation” (TENS). TENS first discovered in 1970s and introduced as “alleviate chronic pain” (intractable cancer pain, Phantom pain, back pain, …) and the acute pain in addition to find the utilities in areas of the sports medicine. The study aims to compare the effectiveness, onset time, and patient comfort levels between manual and electric dental anesthesia. It is hypothesized that electric anesthesia provides faster onset, lower pain perception, and higher patient satisfaction compared to manual methods. Despite the benefits, electronic anesthesia may have limitations including cost, equipment availability, and operator training requirements. However, its potential to improve patient experience and reduce failure-related complications justifies further investment and adoption in clinical practice.
The Synergistic Role of Il-6 And IL-17 In the Protection Against Seasonal Influenza in Iraqi Population
Seasonal influenza remains an important public health problem around the world. There are inadequate reports from Iraq about the immunological profile and viral subtypes associated with it. Cytokines, more specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-17 (IL-17), are known to play a major role in antiviral immune responses. The study aims to measure serum levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in patients diagnosed with SI against healthy control individuals, to compare them relative to vaccination status and viral subtypes as well as their correlation with each other. This study was done at the Central Laboratory of General Hospital in Hilla City from October 2024 up to February 2025. There were sixty-six patients SI and 34 controls aged between 22-56 years who participated in the study. Serological testing helped identify viral subtypes (H1N1, H3N2) while cytokine levels were established through ELISA. Vaccination status as well as demographic data were captured. IL-6 and IL-17 levels were significantly higher in patients than in the controls (p<0.001). Vaccinated patients had lower IL-6 levels (p=0.04). H3N2 was the most common subtype (91%). There is a moderate positive correlation between IL-6 and IL-17 levels, r=0.398, p=0.004. This Iraqi cohort of SI patients demonstrated raised levels of IL-6 and IL-17, particularly in infection with H3N2. This emphasizes the immunological influence of seasonal influenza and protective modulation of cytokines by vaccination.
Role of Hormonal Changes in The Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder of multiple factors precipitated by neuroendocrine and gut-brain axis dysregulations. In the pathophysiology of IBS, hormonal imbalances are presumed to play an essential role. There has not been any study up to the mark that would detail such changes in different subtypes of IBS. This study investigates the serum levels of cortisol, serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and motilin from patients with IBS in comparison to healthy controls and their interrelations with BMI and different subtypes of IBS. A cross-sectional case-control study was carried out at Al-Husseini General Hospital, Karbala, Iraq, between November 2024 and April 2025. Seventy-eight patients with IBS were diagnosed based on the Rome IV criteria, together with 54 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Participants who had any systemic, endocrine, or gastrointestinal comorbidity were excluded from the study. Serum hormone levels were estimated by ELISA. Subclassification of IBS patients was done as IBS-D, IBS-C, or IBS-M and further categorization according to BMI using WHO standards. The IBS group presented significantly higher serum levels of cortisol, serotonin, and CCK but lower motilin levels compared to controls. There were variations in hormone levels across the different subtypes of IBS. BMI was significantly correlated with cortisol, serotonin, and motilin levels.
Assessment Of Awareness of Medical Litigation Among Radiographers in South Eastern Nigeria
Background: Medical litigation is a growing concern in healthcare with radiographers playing a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Awareness of medical litigation is essential for radiographers to understand their professional responsibilities, adhere to standards of practice, and minimize the risk of adverse events. Objective: The study assessed the awareness of medical litigation amongst practicing radiographers in South-Eastern Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study of radiographers practicing in government owned hospitals was carried out between July and December 2024. A well-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data. The questionnaire consisted of questions pertaining to awareness of medical litigation and measures to be put in place to prevent medical litigation. The questionnaire comprised of three sections: Section A was based on the socio-demographic information of the respondents. Section B was concerned with assessing the awareness of medical litigation among practicing radiographers while section C focused on measures taken to reduce the incidence of medical litigation among practicing radiographers. Data was analyzed using frequency, percentages and Spearman’s correlation. Results: A total of 86 radiographers comprising 51 (59%) males and 35 (41%) females participated in the study. All the radiographers had a good awareness of medical litigation. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and awareness (p=0.31). A statistically significant correlation existed between rank and awareness (p=0.002). The main measure recommended by the radiographers to be put in place to reduce litigation is explaining the examination procedure in plain language to the patients. Conclusion: There is a need for the government to put up targeted strategies to enhance to enhance radiographers’ understanding of medical litigation, promote professional accountability, and improve patient safety.
Rehabilitation Of Severe Atrophic Maxila with Zygomatic and Pterygoid Implants: Case Report
Background: The absence of dental elements results in progressive bone resorption of the maxilla, leading to vertical bone loss with a gradual decrease in medullary bone, thereby hindering the rehabilitative process using osseointegrated implants. Zygomatic fixation protocols combined with pterygoid implants have proven to be viable alternatives for maxillary bones with severe bone resorption. Objective: describe, through a case report, the treatment protocol for atrophic maxilla using zygomatic fixation implants, complemented by pterygomaxillary implants through an immediate loading system over a twelve-month follow-up period. Results: All implants showed clinical and radiographic signs of osseointegration, and no pathology was detected. Conclusions: The technique appears to be effective without requiring, in this specific case, any prior procedures for reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla.
Telemedicine Efficiency in Hospital-Based Settings: A Literature Review with Implications for Albania
Hospital-based telemedicine expanded rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating notable benefits—particularly in small and rural hospitals. However, evidence on its efficiency and cost-effectiveness remains limited. A literature review was conducted through a structured PubMed search strategy to identify relevant studies. The findings indicate that hospital-based telemedicine can be efficient but such outcomes depend on its careful adaptation to the disease area, medical specialty, and type of hospital setting. In Albania, hospital-based telemedicine should be further adapted and expanded, with decision-makers focusing on sustainable models aligned with institutional capacities and clinical priorities.
Orthodontic Status Assessment of Bulgarian Children Aged 3 to 6 Years
Introduction: The importance of oral health prevention cannot be overstated and encompasses general oral health as well as orthodontic care. The occlusion observed in the primary dentition can serve as an indicator for the future occlusion in the permanent dentition. If certain occlusal discrepancies present in the primary dentition are not addressed appropriately or timely, they may persist into the mixed or permanent dentition. The aim of the study was to assess the orthodontic status of preschool children. Material and methods: The study included 200 children aged 3 to 6. The children underwent an orthodontic clinical examination with a standard dental examination set and a periodontal probe graduated in mm. The occlusion of the children was analyzed by evaluating the following parameters: molar relationship, canine relationship, and presence of physiological spaces. Results: A flush terminal plane and a Class I canine relationship are prevalent among most children studied. Most children also exhibit spaced dentition or primate spaces. Conclusion: Our findings suggest favorable occlusal characteristics and a higher likelihood of achieving correct occlusion in their permanent dentition.
Distributed Denial of Service Attack in the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects intelligent devices without human intervention, enabling applications like smart homes and healthcare. However, its rapid expansion introduces significant security challenges, particularly in the form of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. These attacks exploit IoT devices to flood networks, disrupting services and compromising availability. Due to their distributed nature, DDoS attacks are difficult to detect and mitigate, making them a critical research focus. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of DDoS attacks in IoT, covering their mechanisms, types (e.g., SYN flood, UDP flood), and vulnerabilities in IoT ecosystems. Additionally, it reviews detection and mitigation techniques, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and machine learning, and proposes a hybrid AI-blockchain framework for enhanced defense. The study highlights current gaps and outlines future directions for securing IoT networks against evolving DDoS threats.
A Rare Case Report: Facial cellulitis secondary to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in an 8-month-old infant with Dengue Fever.
Background: Dengue Fever (DF), a mosquito-borne illness caused by the Dengue virus (DenV), is known for its systemic and haemorrhagic manifestations. Secondary bacterial infections, though rare in paediatric patients, can complicate the clinical course, especially in severe forms like Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) septicaemia is a life-threatening condition, seldom reported in association with DF, and facial cellulitis as a consequence has not been previously documented in children. Case Presentation: We report a unique case of an 8-month-old female who presented with persistent fever, facial swelling, and oral lesions following recent hospitalization for dengue fever complicated by bronchopneumonia. Clinical examination revealed facial cellulitis with periorbital oedema and intraoral lesions. Blood and pus cultures confirmed MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicative of MRSA septicaemia secondary to facial cellulitis. The patient was managed with intravenous vancomycin, clindamycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam based on culture sensitivity, along with supportive care and correction of nutritional deficiencies. Clinical improvement was noted by day 9, with complete recovery following surgical drainage and a 21-day treatment course. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of MRSA septicemia presenting as facial cellulitis in an infant with dengue fever. Early recognition, appropriate cultures, and timely initiation of MRSA-targeted antibiotics are critical in managing such rare but potentially life-threatening complications. This case also emphasizes the need for heightened infection control and vigilance for secondary infections in pediatric dengue care.
Efficacy Of Hyaluronic Acid Spray in Reducing Postoperative Pain, Swelling and Enhancing Soft Tissue Healing After Transalveolar Extraction of Endodontically Treated Mandibular Molars: A Comparative Study
Introduction: Transalveolar extraction of mandibular molars is a one of the common oral surgical procedure often associated with postoperative concerns such as pain, swelling, and delayed wound healing. To ensure the best possible patient comfort and recuperation, these issues must be effectively managed. A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA) has drawn interest in oral and maxillofacial surgery because of its biocompatibility anti-inflammatory qualities, and tissue regeneration potential. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to study efficacy of hyaluronic acid spray after transalveolar extraction of endodontically treated mandibular molars in reducing postoperative complications like pain and swelling and inducing early soft tissue healing. Materials And Methods: The study involves 60 individuals requiring transalveolar mandibular molar extractions, selection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Adhering to Helsinki Ethical Principles, patients were informed about the procedure, study goals, benefits, and risks. Written informed consent will be obtained. Complete case history was taken, and a treatment plan developed after evaluation and diagnosis. Patients are divided into two groups. In this study, patients divided into study group (n=30: HA sprayed) and control group (n=30: HA not sprayed). Patients were selected randomly for both groups. The clinical postoperative parameters like pain was measured using VAS scale, swelling was measured using tape measure method described by Gabka and Matsumara and soft tissue healing index was evaluated by Landry R, Turnbull R and Howley T soft tissue healing index on 1s ,3rd and 7th postoperative days. Results: There was significant difference between the groups in reducing postoperative pain, facial swelling and soft tissue healing. (P ≤0.05). Conclusion: Hyaluronic acid spray is useful for promoting early soft tissue healing and minimizing postoperative concerns related to pain and swelling following transalveolar extraction of Endodontically treated mandibular molars.
Evaluation Of Stress Hormones in Women with Primary Infertility
Hormonal and neuroendocrinal factors play a major role in the etiology of infertility by disturbing reproductive homeostasis. This case-control study evaluated stress and thyroid hormones in women with primary infertility. A total of one hundred twenty women within the age range of 20 to 38 years were studied where seventy-six belonged to the category of primary infertility, and forty-four were normal controls. Early follicular phase morning fasting blood sample was used for estimation of serum cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) through ELISA. The results indicated significantly higher mean values among the infertile group for cortisol (r=0.32, p=0.005), ACTH (r=0.28, p=0.01), and TSH (r=0.25, p=0.02) compared to the control group whereas DHEA did not show any significant association (r=-0.15, p=0.12). This implies that hyperactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and thyroid axes may be involved in the pathogenesis of impaired fertility, thereby justifying expanded endocrine assessment in the workup of infertility. The results further support ongoing efforts directed at discovering hormonal biomarkers that can inform treatment strategies.
Effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Therapy in Enhancing Gross Motor Function and Balance in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy – A literature review
Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological disorder characterized by central motor dysfunction, impairing movement, posture, and muscle tone. It manifests as abnormal gait, muscle imbalances, and coordination deficits. Classified by limb involvement, CP affects 2-3 per 1,000 live births, with symptom variability and potential functional improvement due to neural maturation. Aim: This literature review aims to evaluate the current literature on equine-assisted therapy interventions for Cerebral palsy, focusing on studies published between 2015 and 2025. The review seeks to identify the effectiveness of equine-assisted therapy approaches that enhance motor function and improve balance in individuals with CP. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, and Medline. Keywords included "Cerebral palsy," "Equina-assisted therapy”, "horseback riding," "balance," and "motor functions." Articles published in English and meeting the inclusion criteria were considered for review. Selection Criteria: Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed research articles, systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies, and case studies focusing on equine-assisted therapy for CP. Articles had to involve human participants diagnosed with CP across any stage or age group. Exclusion criteria included non-research articles, non-English publications, and articles published before 2015. Results: 7 of the 46 initially found articles met the inclusion criteria for detailed examination. These studies employed Equine-assisted therapies (EAT) to notably improve gross motor function, balance, and postural control in people with cerebral palsy. Studies show sustained GMFM and GMPM improvements, with increased muscle mass and stability. However, spasticity effects remain discrepant, and quality-of-life benefits require further research. Conclusion: Individuals with cerebral palsy benefit greatly from equine-assisted therapies (EAT) regarding improved balance, postural control, and gross motor function. Although improvements in motor function are well-established and lasting, the effects on spasticity are still erratic and require more research. To improve the clinical use of EAT in rehabilitation, future studies should concentrate on streamlining treatment plans and evaluating long-term functional results.
Isolation And Identification of Bacteria from The Staff Hands of Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
Healthcare professionals, hospital workers, and patients regularly touch items that contain infections or serve as sources of pathogens. The aim of this study is to isolation and identification of bacteria from the hands of health care workers. 60 samples were collected from hospital employees for analysis. Cultural, biochemical, and microscopic characteristics were used to identify organisms.102 bacterial isolates were detected, 30% had mono-microbial colonies and 70% displayed poly-microbial colonies. The percentage of Bacillus species and Staphylococcus aureus was 21.7% of the bacteria specimens, while the percentage of Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus species and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 28.3, 20 and 20 %, respectively and percentage of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species were 16.7 and 15.0% respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that develop preventative methods as well as potential treatment options.
Physiotherapy Interventions in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome – A Literature Review.
Background: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a condition that causes a number of symptoms when you transition from lying down to standing up. It is characterized by symptoms of orthostatic tachycardia including tachycardia, palpitations, syncope or presyncope, lightheadedness, cognitive dysfunction, nausea, exercise or heat intolerances, and fatigue. Aim: This systematic review aims to evaluate current literature on physiotherapy interventions for Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) focusing on studies published between 2010 and 2025. The review seeks to identify effective physiotherapy approaches that enhances cardiovascular functions, helps in daily life activities and improves the quality of life. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, Research gate, PubMed, and Medline. Keywords included "POTS," "physiotherapy management”, "physical intervention," "orthostatic syndrome," and "lifestyle intervention" Articles published in English and meeting inclusion criteria were considered for review. Selection criteria: Studies on POTS patients (all stages) using physiotherapy, multimodal approaches, or combined with medication, assessed with validated tools, including cohort studies, case reports, and systematic reviews, published in English since 2010 was included. Results: Out of 44 initially identified articles, 6 met the inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. These studies employed various physiotherapy techniques such as aquatic therapy, aerobic exercises, cardiovascular training and multidisciplinary rehabilitation. The reviewed literature highlightens the improvements in the overall quality of life. Conclusion: The interventions included that aquatic therapy and reconditioning programs may be effective treatment options for patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). It highlights that exercise progression tailored to patient tolerance, under physician supervision can improve outcomes. The training program helped normalize heart rate and improved quality of life for patients. Additionally, the study identified that fatigue in POTS patients is a complex, multidimensional issue.
Transformational Leadership Among Nurses and Its Effect on Patient Safety: A Systematic Literature Review
The submitted abstract successfully delineates the thematic scope and methodological orientation of the study; however, several conceptual and structural refinements are necessary to enhance academic precision and coherence. The current version tends to conflate empirical outcomes with theoretical assumptions without explicitly delineating the methodological delimitations that underpin the review's conclusions. Specifically, there is insufficient differentiation between the general impact of transformational leadership (TFL) across global healthcare systems and its localized application within the Saudi Arabian context. Additionally, the abstract references mediating constructs such as psychological empowerment and emotional intelligence but fails to clarify their theoretical grounding or the specific analytic approaches used to identify their roles. To reinforce conceptual clarity, the revised version explicitly states the temporal scope, methodological framework (PRISMA), and inclusion criteria, while clearly distinguishing between the primary and secondary objectives. The revised abstract below adopts a formal, impersonal tone, eliminates vague assertions, and ensures that all claims are theoretically and methodologically substantiated. It also rectifies redundancy and ensures terminological consistency, particularly in relation to leadership theory and safety metrics. The revision improves the structural economy of the abstract while maintaining alignment with the overall research aim and academic tone of the broader thesis.
Nutritional Strategies to Improve Growth Performance and Feed Efficiency in Ruminants
Ruminant livestock has very important participation in global food security through the production of essential animal products like meat, milk, and fiber. Major challenges toward enhancement of growth performance and feed efficiency in ruminants include complex digestive physiology alongside increasing environmental and economic pressures. The strategies discussed below are major nutritional strategies directed toward the optimization of growth and feed utilization by ruminant species. First, it reviews physiological and nutritional considerations for efficient growth. Balanced energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals are therefore highlighted as critical requirements. Targeted interventions that include precision feeding, feed additives, and alternative feed resources which have been proven to enhance animal performance as well as reduce production costs and environmental impacts will also be discussed in this paper. Innovations such as rumen microbiome manipulation and nutrigenomics will also be described as emerging tools for future improvement. It also takes a look at prevailing challenges like changing feed prices and climate variability while pushing for sustainability in practice and innovation in technology. The perspectives shared reiterate the significance of integrated and adaptive nutritional strategies toward maximized productivity with an eye on sustainabilities of ruminant production systems. This synthesis directs researchers, nutritionists, and producers toward responsible yet efficient animal agriculture.
The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Early Detection of Oral Precancerous Lesions
Background: Oral precancerous lesions are potentially malignant disorders that carry a high risk of transformation into oral cancer if not detected early. Conventional diagnostic methods rely on invasive biopsies, highlighting the need for reliable, non-invasive biomarkers. Salivary malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reflect oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue injury, respectively, and may serve as valuable diagnostic tools. Objectives: To measure and compare salivary levels of MDA, IL-6, and LDH between patients with oral precancerous lesions and individuals without such lesions, and to assess their diagnostic potential. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the Oncology Center, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, between August 2024 and March 2025. A total of 102 participants were enrolled: 54 patients with clinically and histopathologically confirmed oral precancerous lesions and 48 lesion-free controls. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected under standardized conditions and analyzed for MDA, IL-6, and LDH levels using validated biochemical methods. Statistical analyses, including ROC curve evaluation, were performed to assess diagnostic accuracy. Results: Patients with oral precancerous lesions exhibited significantly higher salivary concentrations of MDA, IL-6, and LDH compared to negative cases (p < 0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated good diagnostic performance for all three biomarkers, with IL-6 showing the highest area under the curve, followed by MDA and LDH. No significant gender-based differences were observed in biomarker expression. Conclusion: Elevated salivary levels of MDA, IL-6, and LDH are strongly associated with oral precancerous lesions, suggesting their utility as non-invasive biomarkers for early detection. Incorporating these salivary assays into routine screening may facilitate timely intervention and reduce the progression to oral cancer.
Differentiation, Fine Structure, Function and Clinical Significance of Kupffer Cells
Kupffer cells are the largest aggregations of macrophages in tissue of the body. They are dominantly lining the lumen of liver sinusoids and show endocytic activity against blood-borne materials that entering liver. In the fetal and adult duration, Kupffer cell differentiation are controlled by growth factors especially (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor M-CSF). Kupffer cells (KCs) are essential liver macrophages originating primarily from three waves of embryonic hematopoiesis. The phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of KCs is significant, affecting their response to various liver injuries. KCs have an important role in keeping liver homeostasis, including the clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells, and regulating inflammation. In acute liver injury, such as acetaminophen overdose, KCs undergo dynamic changes, initially decreasing in number and later recovering via self-renewal. Chronic liver injuries, like NASH, see a depletion of KCs alongside a recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM-KCs) to maintain the macrophage pool. The function of KCs varies notably between embryonic-derived KCs and those derived from bone marrow, influencing their responses in inflammation and tissue repair. Strong evidence indicates that KCs may contribute to tissue remodeling and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases by mediating inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition.
Biochemical Features, Metabolism and Medical Importance of Sclerostin: A Review Article
Sclerostin is a glycoprotein that was encoded by the SOST gene and crucially described as a key regulator in bone metabolism and skeletal homeostasis. The original discovery provided an insight into how Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, sclerostin regulates bone formation through osteoblasts and their activities while giving information concerning regulation of bone resorption. Besides this basic physiological function, many studies have revealed that Sclerostin was involved in metabolic, vascular, and immunological pathways thus emphasized clinical interests in such diseases as osteoporosis or cardiovascular disorders together with chronic kidney disease. Herein biochemical details and metabolic routes of Sclerostin besides its medical importance are discussed raising considerations about using it as a biomarker as well as therapeutic targeting. bone remodeling is an extremely complicated and dynamic process controlled by many biochemical factors with the central inhibitory role of sclerostin. At present, this protein occupies a unique place in the intersection of bone biology, systemic regulation, and clinical intervention-protein with high biomedical importance. Though further research on its structure, metabolism, and function would certainly lead to more therapeutic breakthroughs-the-more unveiling new dimensions about health and disease-this article attempts a review-in-ever modern-related-literature describing biochemical nature, metabolic control, and medical importance of sclerostin that make it highly relevant in skeletal as well as systemic physiology.
Some Biological Aspects of Serological Identification of Syphilis Among Blood Donors in Al-Muthanna -Iraq
The Syphilis test is one of the procedure tests utilized in the blood donor bank in Iraq, so the (TPHA) syphilis test helps diagnose syphilis, or check whether an individual has syphilis before any symptoms appear which helps treat the infection before it gets worse. For this, the study was performed in the Blood Bank in Al-Muthanna City, Iraq to diagnose syphilis. The blood samples were obtained from donors from Aug. 2023 to Mar. 2024. The detection of syphilis is performed by using the TPHA test to expose the hesitation of Syphilis disease amongst fine blood volunteer. The survey consisted of 160 donors, ages with 18 and 64 years at a mean age of 37, the positive of syphilis becomes visible in 24 (15%) at most and the number of positive males were 23 (14.3%) while 1(0.6%) were females, from which 136 (85%) were seropositive.
Nesting for Neuroprotection and Stability: A Narrative Review on the Science, Practice, and Impact of Containment Strategies for the Preterm Infant
Background: Preterm infants face a stark sensory mismatch between the contained intrauterine environment and the open Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), leading to physiological stress that detracts from neurodevelopment. Nesting the use of boundary-forming supports to maintain a flexed, midline posture is a foundational developmental care intervention designed to mitigate this challenge. Objective: This narrative review synthesizes the current evidence on the science and practice of nesting, with a particular focus on its profound impact on cardio-respiratory stability and its synergistic effects with therapeutic positioning. Findings: The review outlines the multi-faceted benefits of nesting, including improved thermoregulation, energy conservation, pain mitigation, stress reduction, and sleep organization. A core finding is its significant role in enhancing cardiorespiratory stability: nesting reduces pathological bradycardia and tachycardia, regularizes respiratory rate, and improves oxygen saturation by reducing energy expenditure and providing biomechanical support to the chest wall. Crucially, the benefits are position dependent. Evidence synthesis demonstrates that nesting in the supine position is essential for safety and stability, nesting in the prone position yields the greatest improvement in respiratory parameters under supervision, and nesting in the lateral position provides stable support for procedures. Conclusion: Nesting is a simple, cost-effective, and powerful neuroprotective intervention. It is most effective as a core component of a developmental care bundle. The review strongly recommends the universal implementation of individualized, safe nesting as a standard of care for all preterm infants to promote physiological stability, optimal positioning, and improved neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Viral Immune Evasion Strategies and Their Impact on Antiviral Therapy and Vaccine Development: A Review
Viral immune evasion, pathogenesis, strategy and mechanisms amidst host defenses has been genetically labeled the ability of viruses to develop multiple strategies against host defenses for their survival persistence, replication inside the same infected cell and later on, transmission. This involves inhibition of interferon signaling as well as MHC antigen presentation up to immune checkpoint modulation leading to immune exhaustion. Therefore, it has made a major contribution towards viral pathogenesis and an enormous drawback in antiviral therapeutic intervention or prophylactic vaccine development so far. However, recent advances in molecular virology and immunology that reveal the most subtle host-virus interactions occurring within this framework have the potential to overcome the limitations of current therapeutic approaches. These advances will be achieved through a deeper understanding of these interactions, the further development of advanced tools such as immune surveillance agents and checkpoint inhibitors, and the development of more precise vaccines. This review summarizes recent advances in viral immune evasion mechanisms and explores their potential impact on the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines. To emphasize the importance of a deeper understanding of viral pathogenesis for the rational development of new therapeutic and preventive interventions, we combine basic insights with clinical applications.
Thyroid Antibodies in Gestational Diabetes
Objectives- To compare the prevalence of thyroid antibodies in pregnant women with and those without GDM, determine the thyroid antibodies in women with abnormal thyroid hormones and the risk factors for thyroid antibodies in GDM. Materials And Methods- This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. In this study 140 participants comprising 70 women with GDM and 70 normoglycemic pregnant women were recruited by simple consecutive sampling between July 2020 and January 2021. The serum anti-TPO, anti-Tg, TSH, fT3 and fT4 were analysed with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits and then interpreted. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS) software version 26. Results- The prevalence of anti-TPO was higher in the GDM group (4.3%) than the control group (1.4%) while the prevalence of anti-Tg was the same (4.3%) in both groups, none of these differences were statistically significant. Subclinical hypothyroidism accounted for 34.3% of thyroid hormone disorder among women with GDM. Among GDM patients with subclinical hypothyroidism anti-TPO was present in 8.3%. There was no predisposing factor to thyroid antibodies that was significantly different when the two groups were compared. Conclusion- The prevalence of thyroid antibodies was higher in women GDM compared with normoglycemic women but the finding was not statistically significant. Subclinical hypothyroidism was the commonest thyroid hormone disorder in GDM and had the highest prevalence of thyroid antibodies. There were no exposure indices for thyroid antibodies that showed significantly higher odds of predisposing to thyroid antibodies
Biocontrol Potential of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extract and Pseudomonas fluorescens Against Erwinia carotovora, the Causal Agent of Potato Soft Rot
Background: Solanum tuberosum L. is among the most important food crops in the world and it is very susceptible to an infection known as bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora (syn. Pectobacterium carotovorum). The disease causes high postharvest and field losses. Objectives: This study was carried out to test the antibacterial effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract and Pseudomonas fluorescens, applied separately and together against E. carotovora that causes potato soft rot, and also to see how well they might work if used as integrated biocontrol agents. Methods: Treated potato tubers were prepared with turmeric extract, P. fluorescens, and their combination followed by inoculation of E. carotovora. The antibacterial activity of turmeric extract was assayed through standard in vitro methods while the antagonistic potential of P. fluorescens was determined by dual culture assay and a challenge on the tuber. Measures on disease severity and lesion size, percentage rot reduction were taken. Data were statistically analyzed to compare treatments using ANOVA. Results: Turmeric extract and P. fluorescens when applied separately significantly inhibited the growth of E. carotovora hence demonstrating direct antibacterial and antagonistic effects respectively. The combined application proved more efficacious having the highest reduction in disease incidence as well as lesion size compared to when applied individually. A synergistic interaction was facilitated by phytochemicals in turmeric whereby the former imposes a direct bactericidal activity while the latter organism imposes not only antagonism but also induction of host defense responses. Conclusions: It is suggested that the integration of turmeric extract and P. fluorescens yields an efficient eco-friendly sustainable management for soft rot in potatoes caused by E. carotovora. This integrated approach will reduce the usage of chemical bactericides, ensure crop protection under environmentally safe conditions, and be practicable as a biocontrol management option for potato growers. Field-scale validation is advocated further to test its practicability on real natural growth conditions.
Evaluation Of Serum Il-8 Levels as A Diagnostic Biomarker for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infection
Background: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, often presenting at urogenital and extragenital sites. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a key chemokine involved in neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory response. Evaluating serum IL-8 levels may provide insight into infection severity and offer diagnostic utility. Methods: This case–control study enrolled 52 patients aged 20–50 years diagnosed with gonorrhea at Hussein Teaching Hospital in Karbala City, Iraq, from April 2024 to March 2025. Patients were categorized by infection site: urogenital, anorectal, and pharyngeal. Forty healthy individuals served as controls. Serum IL-8 concentrations were measured by ELISA. Results: Mean serum IL-8 levels were significantly elevated in patients (92.6 ± 18.4 pg/ml) compared to controls (34.7 ± 10.2 pg/ml; p < 0.001). IL-8 concentrations differed by infection site: urogenital (96.8 ± 17.5 pg/ml), anorectal (84.3 ± 15.2 pg/ml), and pharyngeal (71.6 ± 13.8 pg/ml) (F = 8.47, p < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.91), with a cut-off of 60.5 pg/ml yielding 88.5% sensitivity and 85.4% specificity. Conclusions: Serum IL-8 is markedly elevated in gonorrhea patients and varies by infection site. It demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy, supporting its potential role as a non-invasive biomarker for identifying and stratifying gonococcal infection.
Retreatment Strategies for Root Canals Obturated with Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers: A Comprehensive Review
Calcium silicate-based sealers (CSBS) have gained widespread acceptance in endodontics due to their superior biocompatibility, bioactivity, and excellent sealing properties. However, their removal during endodontic retreatment presents unique challenges due to their chemical bonding to dentin, high radiopacity, and resistance to conventional solvents. This comprehensive review evaluates the efficacy of current retreatment strategies for root canals obturated with CSBS, including mechanical (rotary and reciprocating file systems, ultrasonic activation), chemical (solvents such as EDTA, chloroform, and citric acid), and combined approaches. Key findings indicate that mechanical methods alone are insufficient for complete sealer removal, often leaving residual debris in the apical third. Chemical solvents, particularly 17% EDTA, demonstrate improved efficacy due to their calcium-chelating properties, while passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) significantly enhances debridement in complex anatomies. Emerging adjunctive technologies, such as laser-assisted retreatment (Er:YAG, Nd:YAG) and XP-endo Finisher systems, show promise but require further clinical validation. This review also discusses clinical considerations, including case selection, sealer composition, and anatomical challenges, while providing evidence-based recommendations for optimizing retreatment outcomes. Future research directions focus on advanced disinfection protocols and bioceramic solvent formulations to improve retreatment predictability.
Influence of Nursing Work Environment on Patient Safety: A Systematic Review
Patient safety is considered an indicator of the quality of health care services so it has a higher priority for the healthcare system worldwide. The work environment, and specifically the environment of nurses, is indeed an important variable related to patient safety. Therefore, this review aims to identify the influence of nursing work environment on patient safety. An in-depth review of quantitative studies that includes data on the relevance to the relationship between nursing work environments and patient safety, and had been published between 2018 and 2024, and focus on hospital or clinical settings was conducted. The Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched. Articles published from 2018 to 2024 were retrieved. After the quality appraisal, the required data were extracted and analyzed. A narrative synthesis of the findings is conducted and presented in a table. A total of 591 articles were retrieved from the initial search and managed using Endnote software. Out of 591 articles screened, 19 articles were reviewed for eligibility yielding to 11 articles included in this study. More studies are needed in all regions using more robust designs.
Retrieval of an Unusual Foreign Object from the Root Canal: A Case Report
The success of root canal therapy depends on thorough debridement, microbial control, and complete sealing of the canal system. Prolonged exposure of canals, often left open for drainage, may predispose them to the lodgment of foreign objects, serving as a nidus for reinfection. This report describes a 28-year-old male who presented with pain and pus discharge from the right maxillary lateral incisor. Six months earlier, he had undergone incomplete root canal treatment, leaving the canal open. Clinical examination revealed discoloration and an open pulp chamber, while radiographs showed a radio-opaque object within the canal. The object was retrieved using endodontic files and tweezers, and identified as a corroded sewing needle. The canal was cleaned, shaped, and obturated, and the tooth remained functional and asymptomatic at a one-year follow-up. This case underscores that foreign body lodgment in open canals is a preventable complication. Avoiding prolonged canal exposure, ensuring patient compliance, and employing careful retrieval techniques are essential for successful outcome.
Pathogenesis And Histopathological Characteristics of Oral Lichen Planus: A Review Article
Oral lichen planus is a disorder of great clinical and pathological significance. Lesions may be minor reticular to very painful erosive lesions. Pathogenic mechanisms are multifactorial. T-cell-mediated immune responses, cytokine imbalance, genetic susceptibility, and environmental influences have been evidenced as the most factors contributing to the development of this disease. These ultimately result in basal keratinocyte apoptosis followed by chronic inflammation attacking the epithelial cells. Basal cell degeneration and hyperkeratosis with a dense band of lymphocytes characterize OLP at the level of the epithelial-connective tissue interface. That is how much relevant it is toward an accurate diagnosis. This paper will not rise much high but shall ensure updated knowledge toward better comprehension resulting in early diagnosis with apt management of so complicated a disease by reviewing recent articles oriented toward the clinical overview, pathogenesis, and histopathological features of OLP.
Antagonistic Activity of Ginger Extract and Bacillus Subtilis Against Bacterial Wilt in Tomato
Background: Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato) is a major global food crop but is highly susceptible to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. This disease leads to significant yield and postharvest losses under both field and storage conditions. Objectives: This study evaluated the antibacterial and biocontrol effects of of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract and Bacillus subtilis, applied individually and in combination, against R. solanacearum causing tomato wilt. Methods: In vitro assays were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of turmeric extract at different concentrations, while dual culture assays were used to determine the antagonistic activity of B. subtilis. In vivo experiments on tomato tubers evaluated disease incidence, lesion diameter, and percentage wilt reduction. Treatments included turmeric extract, B. subtilis, and their combination. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Both turmeric extract and B. subtilis significantly inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum. The inhibitory effect of turmeric extract was dose-dependent, while higher inoculum levels of B. subtilis enhanced pathogen suppression. The combined treatment was the most effective, producing the lowest wilt incidence and lesion development, suggesting a synergistic interaction between plant-derived phytochemicals and microbial antagonism. Conclusions: Turmeric extract and B. subtilis demonstrated strong potential as eco-friendly biocontrol agents against tomato wilt caused by R. solanacearum. Their integration offers a sustainable alternative to chemical bactericides and may be adopted within integrated disease management systems. Further field validation is recommended to confirm efficacy under natural growth conditions.
Bicornuate Uterus with Successful Term Pregnancy: A Rare Occurrence
Background Bicornuate uterus is a rare congenital uterine malformation and structural abnormality that affects less than 0.5% of women. Resulting pregnancies are rarely carried to term and commonly result in pregnancy complications such as spontaneous abortion, IUGR, preterm delivery, and fetal malpresentation. Case report This was a case of a 27-year-old patient with an undiagnosed bicornuate uterus discovered intraoperatively. There was a viable pregnancy in one of the uterine horns that was carried to term after three previous failed pregnancies. The foetus was delivered by caesarean section on account of bad obstetric history and breech presentation, weighing 2.6 kg with APGAR scores of 7 and 9 in the 1st and 5th minutes, respectively. Conclusion A successful term pregnancy is achievable in patients with a bicornuate uterus. In resource-constrained communities, it is essential to have a high index of suspicion and make early referrals for suspected congenital uterine anomalies in patients with a history of recurrent second and third-trimester pregnancy losses. The use of imaging modalities can help diagnose and monitor suspected cases before and during pregnancy.
The Isolated Ramus Fracture of The Mandible: A Rare Entity
In the facial region, mandibular fractures are relatively prevalent. Ramus fractures rank as one of the least common fractures of the mandible, which account for about 1-3% of all mandibular fractures. Because of the mandible's robustness and anatomical structure in this area, oblique fractures of the mandibular ramus are comparatively rare. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of an oblique ramus fracture in a 28-year-old male following a trauma. Surgical intervention and fixation were performed using 3D miniplate, with favourable outcomes. The discussion highlights the challenges in diagnosis and fixation of oblique ramus fractures due to their anatomical and biomechanical considerations.
Association Between Oxidative Stress Markers and Antisperm Antibodies in Women with Secondary Infertility
Oxidative stress and immunological factors largely participate in the pathogenesis of secondary infertility through disruption of reproductive homeostasis. This case-control study was performed to assess markers of oxidative stress together with antisperm antibodies (ASA) among women who were suffering from secondary infertility. It included a total of 130 women, where 88 patients were diagnosed to suffer from secondary infertility, between the age group of 20-38 years; the healthy controls comprised 42 comparable subjects. Early follicular phase morning fasting blood samples were collected for calculation estimation of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ASA by ELISA. Mean values for ASA and MDA in infertile women were significantly higher than those found in controls: 32.4 ±9.8 IU/ml and 4.9 ±1.1 nmol/ml compared to the control group at levels of 12.8±6.5 IU/ml, and 2.6±0.9 nmol/ml respectively; p<0.01). On the other hand, GSH (3.1±0.7 μmol/ml against 5.2±1.1 μmol/ml) and SOD (115..6±18..4 U/ml against 162..3±22..7 U/ml) was significantly low in the group that had been identified as infertile, p<0...01 Per Pearson’s correlation analysis, a high positive correlation existed between ASA and MDA (r = 0.62, p < 0.01), while significant negative correlations were found between ASA and GSH (r = -0.48, p < 0.01) as well as ASA and SOD (r = -0.55, p < 0.01). Results of this study demonstrate that oxidative stress and antisperm antibodies may work in combination or synergistically on the pathology of secondary infertility, emphasizing an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of infertility that considers their possible interactive effect.
Kinetic And Thermodynamic Principles Underlying Drug–Target Interactions: A Review Article
All drugs interact with their biological targets. The nature of the thermodynamic and kinetic laws of such interactions is what needs to be well known for subsequent discovery of new drugs and modern design. Thermodynamic affinity, enthalpy, and entropy parameters describe the strengths and stabilities of drug-target complexes; kinetic parameters describe how rapidly binding occurs as well as for how long the interaction takes place most often expressed "on/off" rates (kon/koff). "Recent years have seen a shift in focus towards kinetic behavior, more specifically residence time which has emerged as an excellent indicator of a drug's efficacy within living organisms." "It acquires high relevance particularly in the case of large biopharmaceuticals like monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and nucleic acid-based therapeutics since they have broad binding surfaces due to which there is a need for careful control over interaction dynamics."
Nanotechnology At the Frontiers of Forensic Science: A Systematic Review of Plasmonic, Exosomal, And Hybrid Nanomaterial Platforms for Evidentiary Precision
Forensic science, historically constrained by the fragility of biological and trace evidence, is undergoing a paradigmatic transformation through the integration of nanotechnology, wherein the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale introduces novel physicochemical behaviors such as localized surface plasmon resonance, quantum confinement, and extraordinary surface to volume ratios that radically amplify sensitivity, selectivity, and resilience of evidentiary interrogation. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, synthesizes eight high impact experimental studies that collectively reconstitute the forensic landscape by demonstrating the ability of engineered nanomaterials to retrieve, stabilize, and analyze evidence that had previously remained inaccessible to conventional methodologies. The review identifies several thematic clusters of application. First, plasmonic gold nanoshell chips have emerged as revolutionary substrates for metabolic fingerprinting of biofluids and exosomes, achieving discriminatory power between disease states and controls from nanoliter sample volumes, thereby offering forensic pathologists unprecedented capacity to identify subtle metabolic derangements underlying unexplained deaths. Second, nanoparticle assisted visualization techniques, such as mercaptocarboxylic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles with silver amplification, enable the recovery of latent fingerprints from porous substrates even after fourteen months, significantly extending the temporal boundaries of evidentiary retrieval. Third, exosome profiling platforms, exemplified by nano plasmonic sensors and glypican one positive vesicle detection, demonstrate that stable extracellular vesicles serve as molecular archives capable of authenticating occult malignancies, thereby redefining the medico legal boundaries of forensic oncology. Fourth, nanogold membranes and engineered nanostructured substrates for surface assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry provide unprecedented sensitivity in forensic toxicology, enabling the detection of trace heavy metals, drugs, and toxins in complex biological matrices. Finally, hybrid nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide and carbon nanotube films, facilitate high resolution tissue imaging and metabolomic profiling, integrating spatial and molecular forensic insights in ways previously unattainable. Beyond technological novelty, these findings collectively underscore cross cutting themes of sample economy, nanoscale selectivity, resilience against degradation, and synergy with advanced analytical platforms. The implications for forensic medicine and jurisprudence are profound. Nanotechnology extends the evidentiary window, elevates degraded or scarce samples into admissible testimony, and transforms probabilistic determinations into molecularly grounded certainties. Yet, challenges remain in standardization of nanomaterial synthesis, reproducibility across laboratories, interpretive complexity of high dimensional data, infrastructural cost, and judicial admissibility under Daubert or Frye standards. Ethical concerns further arise from the incidental revelation of sensitive health information through exosomal or metabolic profiling, necessitating robust frameworks of governance and data stewardship. In conclusion, this systematic review affirms that nanotechnology has transcended experimental curiosity to become an emergent foundation of forensic science, bridging medicine, materials engineering, and law. By rendering the invisible visible, stabilizing fragile traces, and amplifying faint molecular signals, nanoscale platforms redefine evidentiary sufficiency and medico legal certainty. The forensic scientist of the twenty first century must therefore be envisioned not only as a custodian of macroscopic scenes and tissues but also as an investigator at the nanoscale frontier, where the ultimate truths of justice now reside.
Correlation Between Histological Structure and Stage of Embryologic Development: A Review
The interpretation of embryonic development cannot be achieved without reliance on histological examination, through which both cellular and structural alterations across developmental stages are revealed. Explanations of organogenesis, differentiation, and successive developmental sequences are grounded in the correlation between embryonic phases and tissue architecture. Within this framework, the present analysis emphasizes how histological techniques are employed to classify and assess the progression of embryonic growth, findings that hold significance for fundamental biological sciences as well as for medical applications. Recent progress in molecular tools and advanced imaging has permitted developmental anomalies to be identified with enhanced precision, thereby facilitating earlier recognition and supporting timely therapeutic interventions. By incorporating histological evidence into experimental and clinical research, a more holistic perspective on both normal and abnormal developmental processes emerges. This synthesis not only enhances diagnostic accuracy but also aids in the design of improved therapeutic approaches, with particular relevance to advances in regenerative medicine.
Physiological Disruption of Epithelial Barrier Integrity by Pathogenic Fungi and Its Systemic Implications
Epithelial barriers of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital surfaces provide the first line of defense against pathogenic invasion while supporting diverse commensal microbiota. These barriers rely on tight and adherent junctions, mucosal secretions, and immune surveillance to maintain integrity. Pathogenic fungi overcome these defenses by employing virulence strategies such as adhesion through specialized surface proteins, morphological transitions, biofilm formation, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, and release of toxins, including the Candida albicans peptide candidalysin. These processes compromise junctional complexes, disrupt epithelial polarity, and trigger inflammatory responses, resulting in increased permeability and barrier dysfunction. While many fungal infections remain superficial, opportunistic pathogens such as C. albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans can breach epithelial barriers, disseminate systemically, and cause life-threatening disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Host epithelial and immune cells respond to fungal invasion through pattern recognition receptors, cytokine release, and recruitment of phagocytes, yet fungal immune evasion frequently undermines clearance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungal-epithelial interactions and systemic dissemination provides critical insights for developing targeted therapies that preserve barrier function and strengthen antifungal immunity.
The Protective Role Of IL-12 And IL-23 In Host Immunity Against Dengue Virus Infection
Background: Dengue virus (DENV) infection still a series public health concern in endemic regions, with immune responses playing a decisive role in disease outcome. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, and IL-23 are thought to influence host protection and viral pathogenesis. Objectives: This study aimed to compare cytokine responses between DENV1 and DENV2 serotypes, evaluate the differences between patients and controls, and examine the correlation between IL-12 and IL-23 levels. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was conducted including 28 patients with confirmed dengue infection and 32 healthy controls. Serum cytokine levels (IL-12 and IL-23) were measured using ELISA. Statistical analyses included group comparisons and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Patients demonstrated significantly higher mean serum IL-12 and IL-23 levels compared with controls (p<0.05). IL-12 and IL-23 were slightly elevated in DENV1 cases compared with DENV2, although these variations were not statistically significant (p>0.05). A high positive correlation was found between IL-12 and IL-23 (r=0.62, p<0.01), suggesting coordinated immunological activity. Conclusion: Elevated IL-12 and IL-23 levels highlight their potential protective roles in host defense against DENV.
The Effect of Health Education in the Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal Infection in Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS) Camp in Gwoza Local Government Area, Borno State
Background: Gastrointestinal infections remain a significant global health challenge, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and other individuals in particular the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). As of in 2024 study had shown that. Globally, there are approximately 48 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have fled conflict and violence. Methods: The study investigated the effect of health education on the prevention and control of gastrointestinal infections among internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Gwoza Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria using quasi-experiment and 150 participants were selected by systematic sampling technique. Results: The results revealed a significant increase in the number of IDPs who recognized diarrhea as a life-threatening disease, with 73% of respondents agreeing after the health education intervention, compared to 61% before the intervention. Similarly, the number of IDPs who understood the preventability of diarrhea increased from 75% to 87% after the health education intervention. Furthermore, the study found that health education increased IDPs' knowledge about the strategies health educators can use to prevent and control gastrointestinal infections, with 87% of respondents agreeing that raising awareness and expanding knowledge about gastrointestinal infections is essential. Conclusions: The study concluded that health education is a vital component in reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal infections among IDPs and recommends that health education programs should be integrated into all programs to improve health outcomes in IDP camps.
Detection of Immune Markers For H.Pylori In Paitents With Chronic Gastric Inflammation
H. pylori is a one of the gastrointestinal, organism infecting more than half the population worldwide. This work aimed to detect by H. pylori infections by primary rapid tests, detection IgA for H. pylori & detection IL-8 by Elisa. A total of 100 patients suffering from dyspeptic symptoms representing different age groups from both genders. Collect sample in Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Baghdad during the period the November 2024 to March 20225. The results showed that were relationship between H. pylori infection and IL8, diagnosed dyspeptic symptoms 100 cases; It was recorded H. pylori Ab 75 cases from dyspeptic patients. The study shows high value IgA for H. pylori in patient with chronic gastric disease also show high infection with O blood group. The results showed that were relationship between the occurrences of H. pylori infection and diagnosed dyspeptic symptoms, with high level of IL8, high value IgA for H. pylori in patient with chronic gastric diseases also high infection with O blood group.
The Effect of Health Education on the Prevention and Control of Gender-Based Violence Among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a critical public health and human rights issue, ranking among the leading causes of death globally. It often begins with verbal abuse, leading to anxiety, despair, and, in severe cases, death. This issue affects individuals of all genders in Nigeria and worldwide and is frequently overlooked as a risk factor for depression and mortality among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV/AIDS). This study focused on participants from ART Clinics at various teaching hospitals in Nigeria, including the University of Port Harcourt, University of Uyo, Federal Medical Center Asaba, and Federal Medical Center Yenagoa. Method Using a quasi-experimental design from September 2023 to May 2024, the study enrolled 334 patients through a multistage sampling method. Data were collected via an interviewer- administered semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 22, with a significance threshold set at p < 0.05. Inclusion criteria targeted PLHIV/AIDS aged 18 and older receiving treatment, while those who were physically or psychologically unwell were excluded. Results Among the 334 participants, 131 (39.2%) were male and 203 (60.8%) were female. The study found that 38.7% experienced GBV, with economic violence at 25.2% and sexual violence at 31.7%. Conclusion The prevalence of GBV is notably high among PLHIV/AIDS attending ART clinics in South- South Nigeria. Factors such as educational attainment, income level, marital status, poverty, depression, and inadequate health information contribute to this violence. Implementing health education interventions at the point of ART enrollment and focusing on the economic empowerment of PLHIV/AIDS is essential for improving their well-being.
Role of Tetracycline as Antibiotic Adjunctive Therapy in Local Delivery of Treatment Periodontitis
Most of the individuals affected by “periodontitis: had a good response to the mechanical debridement for achieving long success. The adjuncts' use may be essential in cases that had no response to treatment, especially when surgical opportunities not feasible. Objective: to determine tetracycline's impact on Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Plaque Index (PI), Bleeding On Probing (BOP), and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) over a six-month follow-up period. Method: Thirty participants diagnosed in chronic Periodontitis and selected in random assignment into two- groups: scaling and root planning (SRP) with local delivery of tetracycline (test) or SRP alone (control). The parameters, included Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Plaque Index (PI), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP), were recorded at beginning, 1, 3, and 6 months. Result: at six months, the SRP + tetracycline group showed significant decrease in PPD, BOP, and greater CAL gain in compared with that in SRP only (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A local deliver of Tetracycline, regarded as an adjunct to SRP, with a significant improvement of the clinical outcomes in the periodontitis in compared with SRP alone.
The Significance of Serum IL-10 Levels in Diagnosing Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection
Background: One of the most immunological affecters that play a major role in th pathogenesis hepatitis B is cytokine secretion and, a member of these anti-inflammatory cytokines with amazing characteristic is interleukin-10 (IL-10). Objective: The main objective of the current study is to investigate IL-10 levels in clients with hepatitis B infections. Methods: A case–control approach was adopted, comprising 62 individuals with laboratory-confirmed hepatitis B infection and 58 apparently healthy participants serving as controls. Serum IL-10 levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Group differences were examined through independent samples t-tests, while variations associated with different infection sites were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Additionally, the diagnostic performance of IL-10 was assessed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to measure its accuracy in distinguishing infected from non-infected subjects. Results: Patients had significantly elevated IL-10 levels (18.8 ± 32 pg/ml) compared to controls (15.9 ± 3.9 pg/ml, p < 0.04). Analysis of serum IL-10 levels across vaccination status indicated that concentrations were higher in patients non-vaccinated against hepatitis B infections (19.2 ± 3.2 pg/ml), compared with those vaccinated (13.5 ± 2.8 pg/ml). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.78, with an optimal diagnostic threshold determined at 16 pg/ml, yielding a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 73%. These findings reveals that IL-10 levels are markedly elevated in individuals affected by hepatitis B, supporting its potential role as a reliable biomarker.
Prevalence Of Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Wound Infection and The Genes Responsible for Carbapenemase Production in Najaf Hospitals
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most prevalent opportunistic human pathogens among Gram-negative bacteria, it is linked to nosocomial infections such as burn and wound infections. The rise of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) is a major therapeutic challenge. The objective of the current study is to specify the frequency carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa and the associated carbapenemase genes in P. aeruginosa isolated from wound infection Methods: During the study period, 300 swabs were collected from patients who had wound infections. P. aeruginosa were identified using standard bacteriological and biochemical methods. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was utilized to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of using 17 antimicrobial drugs. Multi-druge resistance(MDR) and Extensive-druge resistance (XDR) were identified using international guideline. Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) production were screened using ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and aztreonam antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Carbapenem resistance isolates were characterized using imipenem and/or meropenem antibiotics resistance and the double disk diffusion test was used to confirm its production. PCR analysis was conducted to identify ESBL and carbapenem resistance genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaKPC, blaIMP, bla VIM, blaSIM, bla NDM, bla GIM, bla SPM, bla OXA-48). Results: from 300 swabs specimen P. aeruginosa isolates were identified in 40 (13.3%) specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed 13(32.5%) isolates were carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa, and the highest resistant was to β-lactam class and cephalosporin antibiotics. The results showed 17(42.5%) of isolates were MDR and 23(57.5%) were XDR. PCR assay revealed that blaCTX-M was found in 22(55%) and blaOXA was noticed in 27 (67.5%) of P. aeruginosa isolates. Among 13 CRPA isolates, 1(7.6%) isolate had blaOXA-48, 2(15.3%) isolates had blaIMP, blaSIM and blaVIM for each, 3(23%) carry blaGIM, and 4 (30.7%) had blaNDM. While blaSPM and blaKPC were not found in any isolate. Conclusion: wound infections showed high rate of XDR and CRPA driven by diverse carbapenem resistance genes, indicating dangerous public health concern
Evaluation Of IL-8 As A Diagnostic Marker In The Diagnosis Of Bacterial Pneumonia
Background Bacterial pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing inappropriate antibiotic use. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a pro-inflammatory chemokine, has been implicated in the host immune response to bacterial infections and may serve as a diagnostic biomarker. Method This case–control study included 82 patients (aged 18–65 years) with clinically and radiologically confirmed bacterial pneumonia admitted to Al-Saahb Hospital, Iraq, between April 2024 and January 2025. A total of 68 healthy individuals without respiratory disease served as controls. Patients with recent antimicrobial therapy, chronic respiratory illness, autoimmune disorders, pregnancy, or lactation were excluded. Serum IL-8 levels were measured using ELISA according to standardized protocols. Results Mean serum IL-8 levels were significantly higher in pneumonia patients (92.4 ± 20.6 pg/ml) compared to controls (35.7 ± 11.8 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). IL-8 levels also varied according to bacterial etiology, with the highest concentrations observed in patients infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated strong diagnostic accuracy of IL-8, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.902. At a cut-off value of 60.0 pg/ml, IL-8 achieved a sensitivity of 87.8% and specificity of 81.5% in distinguishing pneumonia patients from controls (p < 0.001). Conclusion Serum IL-8 is markedly elevated in bacterial pneumonia and shows strong potential as a diagnostic biomarker. Its high sensitivity and specificity suggest that IL-8 measurement could complement conventional diagnostic methods, supporting early detection and improved management of pneumonia in clinical setting.
The Synergistic Role of Curcuma Longa Extract and Resveratrol Against Induced Colorectal Tumor in Rats
Background: Colon cancer is considered one of the most common cancer types in both sexes according to the latest reports. The current research tends focus on gen-targeted therapies. Objectives: The current study aims to investigate the protective effects of Curcuma longa extract and resveratrol, individually and in combination, against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal cancer in female rats, with a particular focus on their influence on KRAS gene expression and histopathological alterations. Methods: Forty female albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 per group): G1 (control), G2 (DMH only), G3 (DMH + Curcuma longa), G4 (DMH + Curcuma longa + resveratrol), and G5 (DMH + resveratrol). Colorectal cancer was induced by DMH administration, followed by daily oral treatments for 16 weeks. At the end of the experiment, colorectal tissues were collected for molecular analysis of KRAS expression using RT-qPCR and for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Results: Rats in the DMH group (G2) exhibited marked overexpression of KRAS and severe histopathological changes consistent with colorectal carcinoma. Treatment with Curcuma longa (G3) and resveratrol (G5) significantly reduced KRAS expression and ameliorated tissue alterations, while the combined treatment (G4) demonstrated the greatest protective effect, showing near-normal architecture and the lowest KRAS expression levels Conclusion: Curcuma longa and resveratrol exert protective effects against DMH-induced colorectal carcinogenesis by downregulating KRAS expression and improving tissue integrity. Their combined use produced synergistic effects, highlighting their potential as complementary chemo-preventive agents in colorectal cancer management.
The Diagnostic Discriminative Power of Serum IL-6 Levels for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis represents one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections, frequently persisting without noticeable symptoms, yet capable of leading to adverse outcomes such as infertility. The identification of reliable biomarkers has been emphasized as essential for enhancing early detection strategies. Objective: This research was conducted to evaluate the potential utility of circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a biomarker for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Methods: A case–control approach was adopted, comprising 52 individuals with laboratory-confirmed C. trachomatis infection and 48 apparently healthy participants serving as controls. Serum IL-6 levels were quantified using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Group differences were examined through independent samples t-tests, while variations associated with different infection sites were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Additionally, the diagnostic performance of IL-6 was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine its accuracy in distinguishing infected from non-infected subjects. Results: Patients had significantly elevated IL-6 levels (18.6 ± 5.2 pg/ml) compared to controls (12.4 ± 4.1 pg/ml, p < 0.03). Analysis of serum IL-6 levels across different anatomical infection sites indicated that concentrations were highest in urogenital infections (19.2 ± 5.1 pg/ml), whereas rectal infections exhibited moderately lower values (17.5 ± 4.6 pg/ml). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.84, with an optimal diagnostic threshold determined at 15.5 pg/ml, yielding a sensitivity of 80.8% and specificity of 77.1%. These findings suggest that IL-6 levels are markedly elevated in individuals affected by Chlamydia trachomatis, supporting its potential role as a reliable biomarker, particularly for urogenital infection sites.
Zeolites as Natural Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review
Conservative dentistry focuses on preserving tooth structure through preventive and minimally invasive strategies. A persistent challenge is preventing bacterial colonization and secondary caries at restoration margins. Zeolites, naturally occurring microporous aluminosilicate minerals, have recently gained attention for their ion-exchange capabilities and ability to provide sustained antimicrobial activity. Their natural origin, abundance, and eco-friendly properties position them as attractive alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial additives. This review summarizes the natural origin, structural and chemical properties of zeolites, their mechanisms of antibacterial action, and their integration into restorative systems including glass ionomer cements, resin composites, adhesives, and mineral trioxide aggregate. Benefits, challenges, and future research directions are discussed, highlighting zeolites as promising natural biomaterials for the next generation of minimally invasive restorative dentistry.
Interplay Between Cellular Metabolism and Epigenetic Reprogramming in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: A Translational Perspective
Chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis represents an enormous global health challenge due to their chronic relapsing-remitting course, high morbidity and lack of therapeutic armament. Although classically viewed as effects of immune deregulation, recent observations reveal a more complex pathogenic scenario involving the crosstalk between cellular metabolism and epigenetic remodeling. The metabolic intermediates including acetyl-CoA, α-ketoglutarate, lactate and NAD⁺ not only provide energy supply for the cell but also serve as cofactors for and activators of chromatin-modifying enzymes, connecting bioenergetic status with transcriptional regulation. This reciprocal connection forms a self-propagating feedback loop in immune cells to drive pathological phenotypes and sustain chronic inflammation. Recent evidence indicates that effector T cells and pro-inflammatory macrophages are highly dependent on glycolysis, in contrast to regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory macrophages which mainly utilize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Such different metabolic requirements mold into epigenetic landscapes with the consequences of being involved in DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs that can ultimately direct pro-inflammatory or tolerogenic programs. Reversed epigenetic memory also adds to the persistence and relapse of abnormal disease. Clinically, metabolic (e.g., glycolysis inhibitors, AMPK inducers) or epigenetic modifiers (e.g., HDAC, DNMT and BET inhibitors) could restore the immune homoeostasis. Dual approaches targeting metabolic and genetic-epigenetic pathways concurrently may have a synergistic impact, but it will be important to address specificity, toxicity, and heterogeneity of the patient population. Future with single cell multi-omics, precision medicine and integrative modeling Technologically sophisticated developments are necessary to translate pre-clinical results into clinic. In this review, we amalgamate the recent advances in metabolism–epigenetics axis in CIDs, introducing new mechanistic understanding of immune cell reprogramming and describing potential therapeutic strategies as well as knowledge gaps. Insight into this interaction is the basis for novel, mechanism-based therapies directed at achieving prolonged disease control.
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Hospitalized Patient
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity, with Escherichia coli being the predominant pathogen. The rising trend of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli poses significant therapeutic challenges, particularly in hospitalized patients. Objective: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from hospitalized patients with UTIs at Medical City Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: A total of 100 urine samples were collected, and 72 E. coli isolates were confirmed using standard culture techniques and Gram staining. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against six commonly prescribed antibiotics: ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, nitrofurantoin, and imipenem. Resistance patterns were analyzed according to gender and age groups. Results: Ampicillin (78%) and ciprofloxacin (65%) exhibited the highest resistance rates, while ceftriaxone (48%) and gentamicin (32%) showed moderate resistance. Nitrofurantoin (12%) and imipenem (5%) were the most effective agents. Female patients demonstrated significantly higher resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin (p<0.05). Age-stratified analysis revealed higher resistance in patients >50 years, particularly to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Culture and microscopic evidence confirmed the reliability of E. coli identification.
A Case Study of Chronic Fungal Urinary Tract Infection: Resolution Through Yoga Prana Vidya (YPV) Healing
Background: Chronic fungal urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly candiduria (the presence of Candida species in the urine), are difficult to manage and often recur despite conventional treatment. Integrative healing modalities such as Yoga Prana Vidya (YPV) have shown promise in addressing chronic conditions through energy-based interventions. A 37 years old female patient presented with a 17-year history of recurrent vaginal itching and frequent urination, diagnosed as chronic fungal UTI. Multiple specialist consultations and medications across allopathic, Ayurvedic, and dermatological disciplines brought only temporary relief. Objective: To report the resolution of the 17-year chronic fungal UTI in a female patient using YPV healing techniques and lifestyle modifications. Methods: Case study method is used in this study by collecting data from the patient and the YPV healer. The intervention included daily energy healing sessions, breathing exercises, forgiveness sadhana, physical routines, and a salt-free diet and fruits. Healing focused on cleansing and energizing specific chakras (basic, sex, and navel Chakras), cleansing the meng mein Chakra, and cleansing and energizing organs (kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra). Healing also included psychotherapy and blood-cleansing techniques. Results: The patient reported significant symptom relief within two days and complete resolution within one month. A urine test conducted after 2 months confirmed the absence of yeast cells. No recurrence was observed during a two-month follow-up, when the patient expressed sustained well-being. Conclusion: This case suggests that YPV healing protocols may be an effective alternative therapy for chronic fungal UTIs, especially in cases unresponsive to conventional treatment. Further clinical studies are recommended to explore its broader applicability and underlying mechanisms.
Determinants Of Pregnant Women's Awareness of Intermittent Malaria Prevention Treatment in Kano, Nigeria
Introduction: In Sub-Saharan Africa, malaria continues to pose a major risk to pregnancy. Numerous issues are linked to it, including low birth weight, abortion, preterm delivery, stillbirth, mother and newborn mortality, and maternal anaemia. This study investigated pregnant women's awareness of and factors influencing their usage of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria in Karkasara Tarauni L.G.A., Kano State. The specific goal is to determine how much pregnant women know about intermittent preventive medication for malaria. Method: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional approach. Tarauni LGA, Kano State, pregnant women made up the study population. A pretested, structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. After being handed to the responders in the ward, the surveys were promptly picked up. IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data at the univariate, bivariate, and multivariate levels. Results: 347 of the 370 respondents who were contacted consented to be interviewed, yielding a 93.8% response rate. According to the survey, 60.81% of respondents were unaware that there is a medication to prevent malaria infection during pregnancy, whereas 39.19% of respondents were. Additionally, 3.7% of respondents had never heard of FANSIDER, compared to 96.3% who had. Furthermore, 61.7% of the respondents did not get a lesson on mIPTp during ANC visits, whereas 38.3% did. Conclusion: The study's conclusions showed that 72.0%, 39.2%, 96.3%, and 99.7% of pregnant women were aware that using an ANC, using medication to prevent malaria infection during pregnancy, and using FANSIDAR and LLITNs do prevent malaria during pregnancy, respectively. The study also found that the expenses of Fansider and its adverse effects were not the main obstacles preventing pregnant women in the study area from using IPT-Sp.
Correlation Between Celiac Disease Patients and Infertility
Celiac disease (CD) an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten,can indeed have complex relationship with in fertility in both women and men .The inflammation and damage in the intestines can disrupt hormone levels ,potentially interfering with ovulation and the menstrual cycle. The present study was designed to investigate some biochemical aspects of patients with (CD) in Al habobi Hospital in al-nasirya in Thi-Qar provine The present work included some Celiac disease patients who are already diagnosed as CD patients that by the consultant medical staff, according to clinical examination, symptoms,during the period from October 2024 to march 2025. Samples of the study included 20 patients which female and 20 healthy control to study Vitamin D3 , S. Ferritin levels and Concentrations of the sex hormones prolactin, testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were measured from the serum samples of recumbent patients with age range of (18-36 years). The recorded results indicated that their where Vitamin D3 levels were significantly higher in the control group (37.47 ± 10.18) compared to the (CD) patient group (16.27 ± 7.04). A strong statistical significance at P. value 0.01, suggesting that (CD) patients may have a notable deficiency in vitamin D3. S. Ferritin was also much higher in the control group (49.45 ± 23.47) than in (CD) patients (11.01 ± 4.36), with a strong statistical difference at P value 0.01 . This could indicate iron deficiency or altered iron storage in the (CD) patient group. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) levels were both significantly lower in the (CD) patient group compared to controls. FSH was( 5.41 ± 2.13) in controls vs. ( 3.74 ± 1.96) in patients, and LH was (6.71 ± 2.49) in controls vs. (4.90 ± 1.65) in patients at P. value 0.05 . These hormones are crucial for reproductive function, and their reduction might reflect hormonal imbalance. Prolactin levels were higher in the (CD) patient group (12.51 ± 4.47) compared to the control group (7.04 ± 2.80) at P. value 0.01. Elevated prolactin can affect menstrual cycles and fertility. Testosterone was also significantly elevated in the (CD) patient group (1.76 ± 0.98) compared to controls (0.52 ± 0.57) at P. value 0.01. This may suggest a condition like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is often associated with elevated androgens. Estradiol levels were similar between the two groups, with no statistically significant difference (39.98 ± 15.91) in controls vs.( 41.11 ± 8.75) in (CD) patients).The Pearson correlation analysis for (CD) patients group revealed a moderate negative correlation between Vitamin D3 and both seurm ferritin (r = -0.435) and prolactin (r = -0.433), suggesting that lower vitamin D3 levels may be associated with higher ferritin and prolactin levels. Other correlations involving vitamin D3—such as with FSH, LH, testosterone, and estradiol—were weak and not likely meaningful. Estradiol showed a weak negative correlation with ferritin, and a moderate positive correlation with LH (r = 0.378), possibly indicating a hormonal link. Prolactin showed a moderate positive correlation with ferritin (r = 0.481) and weak negative correlations with FSH and LH. The remaining correlations across testosterone, FSH, and LH were weak and did not demonstrate strong linear relationships. The Pearson correlation analysis in control showed weak to moderate relationships among the studied parameters in control group. Vitamin D3 levels were negatively correlated with FSH and testosterone, suggesting a possible inverse relationship, while its correlations with other hormones were weak and likely not significant. Estradiol showed a moderate negative correlation with ferritin, indicating that higher estrogen levels might be associated with lower iron storage. Testosterone levels were negatively correlated with ferritin but positively correlated with FSH, reflecting some hormonal interaction. Other correlations, such as those involving prolactin, LH, and FSH, were generally weak and did not suggest strong linear relationships.
The Interaction Between Giardiasis and Host Mucosal Immune System: A Review
Giardia spp. is an intestinal protozoal parasite that infect humans and many different other mammalian hosts. The most significant clinical features of giardia infection are malabsorption and diarrhea. Giardia lamblia possesses the remarkable ability to continually alter its dominant surface antigen, known as the variant surface protein (VSP), allowing it to evade host immune detection. Infection with this protozoan trigger a strong adaptive immune response in both humans and animal models. It has long been established that significant amounts of parasite-specific IgA are produced following infection, with CD4+ T lymphocytes playing a pivotal role in stimulating IgA synthesis and contributing to the regulation of the infection. Although anti-VSP IgA antibodies in the gut have been demonstrated to influence the parasite’s antigenic switching, the extent to which local intestinal antibodies directly control Giardia colonization remains a subject of debate. The interface between the intestinal lumen and the epithelial lining serves as the primary attachment site for Giardia trophozoites, making it a critical zone for both the establishment of the parasite and the initiation of host immune defenses. This area thus represents a central battleground where host-pathogen interactions dictate the outcome of infection. This review will therefore focus on innate immune mechanisms and barrier integrity in giardiasis. The specific aims of this review are centered on elucidating the multifaceted interactions between Giardia and the host intestinal environment. First, the review seeks to characterize how Giardia disrupts epithelial junctional complexes and alters the cytoskeletal architecture, compromising intestinal barrier integrity. Second, it aims to examine the innate immune responses initiated by various cell types, including epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Paneth cells, in reaction to Giardia infection and its secreted molecules. Third, the review intends to analyze how these host–parasite interactions contribute to persistent barrier dysfunction and facilitate microbial translocation, which may exacerbate inflammatory outcomes. Finally, it explores potential therapeutic strategies that strengthen epithelial barrier function and modulate innate immune mechanisms to mitigate the pathological effects of giardiasis and promote mucosal homeostasis.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines in Pharmacological Research: Models for Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Advancements
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent form of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for nearly 90% of oral malignancies worldwide. Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, prognosis remains poor, especially in advanced or metastatic cases. Preclinical models play a pivotal role in developing and testing novel anticancer agents, with OSCC-derived cell lines serving as indispensable tools for drug discovery and mechanistic research. These models provide reproducible, cost-effective platforms for high-throughput screening, elucidation of signaling pathways, resistance profiling, and biomarker identification. Widely utilized OSCC cell lines, including SCC-4, SCC-9, SCC-25, and CAL27, have contributed to understanding critical processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. This review highlights the biological and pharmacological relevance of OSCC cell lines, emphasizing their advantages, limitations, and contributions to translational cancer research. A deeper understanding of these models is essential to bridge preclinical findings with clinical outcomes and to accelerate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against OSCC.
Genetic Basis of Virulence Factors in Vibrio Cholerae: A Review
Cholera is a major epidemic disease worldwide, contributing significantly to global morbidity and mortality. The hallmark of the disease, severe watery diarrhea, results from a complex process in which multiple bacterial components enable Vibrio cholerae to reach the small intestinal epithelium, establish colonies, and produce toxins. The AraC/XylS-family transcriptional regulator, ToxT, acts as the primary activator of virulence genes in V. cholerae, the Gram-negative bacterium responsible for cholera. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) present in bile can inhibit ToxT activity, thereby modulating virulence expression. Recent studies indicate that virulence in V. cholerae is not solely determined by the presence of key genes such as ctxAB and tcp. Accessory virulence-associated genes, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), regulatory networks, secretion systems, and small RNAs (sRNAs) collectively contribute to the pathogen’s ability to infect, persist, and spread. The adhesion of Vibrio cholerae to the intestinal epithelium, as well as its capacity to obtain nutrients and manipulate host immune mechanisms, is facilitated by several molecular determinants. Among these are mucin-interacting proteins such as GbpA, hemagglutinin/protease (HapA), and neuraminidase (NanH), together with various regulatory networks. The bacterium’s collective behavior and virulence expression are predominantly governed by the quorum-sensing (QS) system, which functions as a density-dependent communication network. When bacterial populations are at a low cell density (LCD), the regulatory molecules—including LuxO, HapR, and the signaling autoinducers AI-2 and CAI-1—coordinate gene expression patterns that enhance colonization capacity, stimulate biofilm development, and concurrently inhibit HapR-mediated repression. This review study highlights the genetic and molecular foundations underlying the virulence determinants that shape the pathogenic potential of V. cholerae.
Iron Dysregulation in Sickle Cell Disease: Trend and Clinical Implications
Iron imbalance in sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex puzzle that leads to persistent hemolysis, recurrent transfusions, and dysregulated iron metabolism. This brief review examines the key trends in iron homeostasis, overload, and deficiency in SCD, exploring the underlying mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic approaches. Iron overload frequently arises from transfusion therapy, although iron shortage may also result from heightened erythropoietic demand and inflammation. We highlight the functions of serum ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), hepcidin, and new biomarkers, as well as therapeutic strategies encompassing chelation and innovative treatments. This review synthesizes current findings, identifies knowledge gaps, and suggests future research directions to enhance iron-related outcomes in sickle cell disease (SCD).
Genetic Characteristics of Toxigenic Clostridium Species: A Review
Toxins are the most invasive virulence factors of Clostridium and are accountable for dangerous disorders in mammalians. Species of Clostridia include a broad group of anaerobic bacteria capable of producing some of the most potent toxins. Toxin-producing Clostridium displays high genomic plasticity due to the activity of diverse mobile genetic elements, frequent horizontal gene transfer, variable genomic contexts of toxin loci, and dynamic plas­mid‐chromosome interactions. This plasticity results in the emergence, diversification, and adaptation of virulent strains. Understanding the genetic characteristics of toxigenic Clostridium species is crucial for development of effective strategies to combat infections caused by these pathogens. The diversity of Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes is largely attributed to the distribution of plasmids that harbor one or multiple toxin-encoding genes. In contrast, Clostridium difficile exhibits substantial genetic variability, yet its toxin genes are organized within a chromosomal pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) rather than on plasmids. The detection of homologous toxin genes among different Clostridium species—such as C. sordellii, C. novyi, and C. perfringens—indicates the horizontal transfer and interspecies mobilization of this pathogenicity region. Furthermore, the existence of multiple C. difficile toxinotypes, arising from toxin gene polymorphisms, likely represents adaptive evolution to the intestinal niche. Similarly, botulinum toxin (BoNT) genes exhibit extensive sequence and positional variability, being located on chromosomes, plasmids, or bacteriophages, and are distributed across a range of Clostridium species, including C. botulinum groups I–IV, C. argentinense, C. butyricum, and C. baratii. This wide genomic distribution underscores the dynamic genetic exchange and evolutionary plasticity that characterize toxigenic clostridia.
Giant Paraovarial Cystadenoma in An Adolescent: Case Report and Literature Review
Background: Paraovarian cysts are uncommon adnexal formations arising from paramesonephric, mesonephric, or mesothelial remnants, accounting for 4–7% of adnexal masses in children and adolescents. Giant paraovarian cysts exceeding 15–20 cm are exceptionally rare in this age group and present significant diagnostic challenges. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 16-year-old girl presenting with intermittent abdominal pain and distension. Imaging revealed a large unilocular cystic lesion measuring 18 × 6.6 × 20 cm, extending from the pelvis to the L3 vertebral level and compressing adjacent pelvic structures. Due to the cyst’s size and uncertain nature, an open lower midline laparotomy was performed. Intraoperatively, a right paraovarian cyst was identified and excised en bloc without complications. Histopathological analysis confirmed a benign paraovarian cyst with focal micropapillary serous cystadenoma features. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient made a full recovery. Discussion: Preoperative differentiation between ovarian and paraovarian cysts is challenging due to overlapping clinical and imaging features. While laparoscopy is generally preferred, laparotomy may be indicated for large cysts with uncertain etiology or potential malignancy. Conclusion: This case highlights the rarity of giant paraovarian cysts in adolescents and underscores the importance of thorough imaging evaluation and individualized surgical planning to ensure accurate diagnosis and optimal outcomes.
Molecular Crosstalk between Bacterial Two-Component Regulatory Systems and Host Immune Modulation: Implications for Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenic Persistence
Bacterial two-component systems (TCSs) are versatile regulatory circuits that enable pathogens to sense environmental and host-derived signals and translate them into adaptive genetic responses. These systems, typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase and a response regulator, play pivotal roles in controlling virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and persistence. In parallel, the host immune system employs innate and adaptive mechanisms to recognize and eliminate pathogens. However, a dynamic molecular crosstalk exists, wherein TCSs detect immune-derived cues such as antimicrobial peptides, oxidative stress, and ion limitation, and in turn, modulate bacterial physiology to evade or manipulate host defenses. Well-studied examples—including PhoPQ, PmrAB, CsrRS, and Agr systems—highlight how TCSs govern immune evasion, biofilm formation, and resistance to last-resort antibiotics such as polymyxins and vancomycin. These processes contribute significantly to chronic infections and treatment failures. Targeting TCSs has therefore emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Experimental inhibitors of histidine kinases and response regulators demonstrate potential to attenuate bacterial virulence without exerting strong selective pressure for resistance. Moreover, combining TCS-targeting compounds with conventional antibiotics may enhance treatment efficacy. This review synthesizes current knowledge of TCS-immune interactions, emphasizes their contribution to antimicrobial resistance and persistence, and explores therapeutic perspectives. Understanding this molecular dialogue provides crucial insights into host-pathogen interactions and offers new opportunities for combating multidrug-resistant infections in the post-antibiotic era.
Pathophysiology And Epidemiology of Echinococcal Infection: A Review
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis representing serious health and economic risks to humans and livestock. The disease is commonly an indolent, asymptomatic and chronic infection by hydatid cyst. Causing both human and veterinary medical costs, as well as constituting loss of production in endemic areas. Prophylactic vaccination has been regarded as one of the most effective approaches for reducing echinococcosis. During the last few decades, much effort has been made to find and characterize protective antigens ofEchinococcus granulosus as well as investigating their immunization potential in different animal models. Therefore, the current study was conducted to systematically review and identify the best candidate antigens for vaccine formulation against cystic echinococcosis. Hum Echinococcosis in man is caused by larval stages of Taenia echinococcus—parasites whose adult form occurs in the intestines of dogs, wild canids and other carnivores (definitive hosts). The domestic and wild herbivores are the intermediate stages of life cycle. Humans encounter the parasite as an incidental intermediate host by ingestion of parasite eggs; typically, when consuming food, water or soil contaminated with feces from infected canids. The two most significant species from a medical point of view are E. granulosus, which causes cystic echinococcosis and is globally widespread (primarily in sheep- and cattle-raising areas), and E. multilocularis, which is responsible for alveolar echinococcosis; the latter occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere. Hexacanth embryos, upon ingestion, penetrate the wall of small intestine and reach the portal circulation from where they are carried to liver predominantly. From there, they can migrate to the lungs, brain or other tissues as cystic lesions. The clinical presentation depends primarily on size, number of cysts and the topography. CNS involvement by E. granulosus is uncommon and accounts for approximately 2% of cases. When it does develop, cysts are uniformly well-defined, round(ovoid) and intraparenchymal, often achieving considerable size with resultant mass effect producing neurologic symptoms or compressing surrounding brain structures is not unusual.
Correlation between salivary IL-10 and clinical features in patients with periodontitis
Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition that leads to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. Its pathogenesis is driven by imbalance in cytokines. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, may regulate periodontal inflammation by antagonizing proinflammatory mediators. However, the precise correlation of this polymorphism with disease severity and clinical profiles is unknown. Objectives: The present study sought to determine the salivary levels of IL-10 in periodontitis patients and healthy controls, and investigate the possible associations between IL-10 concentrations and major clinical periodontal parameters: PPD (Probing Pocket Depth), CAL (Clinical Attachment Loss), BOP (Bleeding on Probing), PI (Plaque Index) and GI (Gingival Index). Methods: A case-control study tested at Al-Najaf Center for Dentistry clinics from April 2024 to February 2025 on (65) diagnosed periodontitis cases and (45) healthy controls matched with age and gender. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected in the morning under standardized conditions and tested for IL-10 with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Clinical periodontal data were also collected and severity-classified. The statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25 and t–test, ANOVA, and the Pearson’s correlation tested for group differences and associations between IL-10 levels with clinical symptoms. Results: The mean salivary IL-10 level in patients with periodontitis was significantly higher (42.35 ± 11.68 pg/mL) than that of controls (35.27 ± 9.84 pg/mL) (p = 0.023). Levels of IL-10 were significantly correlated with the severity of PPD and CAL (F = 3.71, p = 0.03; F = 7.89, p = 0.001; respectively). Correlation analysis showed moderate to strong positive correlations of IL-10 with PPD (r = 0.45, p 0.02). Conclusion: High salivary IL-10 levels are related to periodontitis and reflect positively with parameters of tissue destruction, especially PPD and CAL. These results imply that, as a marker of disease severity, IL-10 could be a non-invasive useful biomarker for the progression of periodontal diseases.
Evaluation of Trained Immunity in Individuals Repeatedly Exposed to Plasmonium falciparum Without Clinical Symptoms
Background Malaria is still a big health problem worldwide, and it is the Plasmodium falciparum strain that usually causes the most serious disease. Many people in areas with high transmission of malaria do not show signs of illness, possibly due to the action of the immune system working differently than in other diseases. The phenomenon could be explained by a type of immunity that rewrites the function of immune cells permanently. Objective: To determine if moderate exposure to P. falciparum results in trained immunity, without causing clinically noticeable symptoms. Methods: This study looked at three groups by conducting a cross-sectional study. The analysis was carried out using samples from asymptomatic parasite carriers, patients with malaria symptoms, and those who were not exposed to malaria (all n=50). Period of study extended from October 2024 to March 2025. IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by ELISA after cells had been stimulated. Results: Individuals without symptoms had much higher levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (p<0.001) as well as moderate IL-10 responses. It was shown that in trained immunity, there was increased glycolysis and a decline in oxidative phosphorylation. Conclusion: Results showed that people who have P. falciparum in their systems without getting sick still have trained innate immunity. As a result, the parasites can be controlled and inflammation was kept to a healthy level. Our results suggest that trained immunity can help with both the development of malaria vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches in areas where the disease was common.
Incorporating of Nano-Calcium Silicate into Kavitan Plus and its effect on the Surface Microhardness: In-Vitro Study
Kavitan Plus is a conventional glass ionomer-based restorative material. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding silica dioxide (Ca₂SiO₄) nanoparticles at two concentrations, 5% and 10%, to Kavitan Plus on surface hardness using a Shore D surface hardness tester. Methods: Twenty-four samples were prepared and divided into three groups (8 per group): Group 1: control group; Group 2: 5% Ca₂SiO₄; Group 3: 10% Ca₂SiO₄. Surface hardness was measured, and the data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's one-way analysis of variance (LSD) Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between all groups (F=94.523, p<0.001). This indicates that the addition of dicalcium silicate nanoparticles (C₂S NPs) at different concentrations significantly affected the studied microhardness property of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) cements using Shore D. G1 and G2 recorded similar average values ​​(45.42 and 45.23, respectively), while the 10% C₂S nanoparticle group (G3) showed significantly lower average values. This suggests that the addition of 10% nanoparticles reduced the property value, reducing mechanical integrity and homogeneity at higher addition ratios [1,2,3,14]. Conclusion: The addition of calcium silicate nanoparticles significantly enhanced the surface hardness, depending on the concentration, indicating potential benefits for improving restoration durability and periodontal health.
Prevalence Of Carbapenemase Genes in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from Urine Samples in Iraq
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading uropathogen and has become an increasing global threat with the rise of carbapenem-resistant strains. The spread of MBL genes, such as blaVIM and blaNDM, also considerably supports multidrug resistance and failure of treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency distribution of blaVIM and blaNDM genes for K. pneumoniae strains isolated from urine specimens and their association with resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Methods: 80 K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from urine specimens of patients referred to Al-Sadr Medical City, Iraq during April 2024 –March 2025. Susceptibility patterns to antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin) were also tested by the disc diffusion method. The molecular detection of blaVIM and blaNDM genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations of gene presence with antibiotic susceptibility profiles were statistically analyzed. Results: There was a higher resistance rate to ceftriaxone (77.5%), ciprofloxacin (67.5%) imipenem and meropenem (57.5 %; 61.2% respectively) whereas gentamicin showed low resistance (38.7%). The blaNDM and blaVIM genes were found in 58.7% and 37.5% of isolates, respectively. The existence of either gene was found to be associated with the resistance to imipenem, meropenem, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The high occurrence of blaVIM and blaNDM in urinary K. pneumoniae isolates indicates the increasing menace of carbapenem resistance in Iraq. The high correlation between gene carriage and MDR emphasizes the necessity for ongoing molecular surveillance and stringent antimicrobial stewardship to limit dissemination of these resistant pathogens.
The Biochemistry, Functions, And Clinical Importance of Osteopontin: A Review
Osteopontin (OPN), a pleiotropic matricellular glycoprotein, has been recognized as an important molecule at the crossroads between biochemistry and mechanisms of disease. Structurally complex, many isoforms and extensive post-translational modification (PTM), OPN serves as a modulator of cell adhesion, mobility, immune signalling and the extracellular matrix. These properties permit it to be involved in physiologic functions like bone mineralization, wound repair, and host defense. Nevertheless, abnormal OPN expression or dysregulation causes chronic inflammation, fibrosis, cardiac remodeling and metabolic disorders as well as cancer development. The higher systemic and tissue levels of OPN have been proven to be potential biomarkers associated with the severity and prognosis in different clinical setting, however bioassay variation and context-dependent functions remain controversial. Interest for OPN goes beyond diagnostics: clinical trials targeting it with emphasis on selectively inhibiting its isoforms and signal transduction pathways are currently being conducted. The objective of this review is to discuss the biochemistry, etiological roles, and clinical relevance based on current understanding of OPN and its translational application in contemporary medicine.