Oral Microbiome and Local Immune Response In The Development Of Alveolitis In Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Current Evidence And Future Perspectives

Abstract

Alveolitis remains one of the most common inflammatory complications following tooth extraction in pediatric dental practice. Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) represent a particularly vulnerable population because chronic hyperglycemia affects local immunity, wound healing, and microbial homeostasis within the oral cavity. During the last decade, increasing evidence has demonstrated that disturbances of the oral microbiome together with impaired innate and adaptive immune responses significantly contribute to delayed socket healing and the development of postoperative inflammatory complications.

This review summarizes current knowledge regarding alterations of the oral microbiome, biofilm formation, dysbiosis, antimicrobial defense mechanisms, inflammatory mediators, and host–microbe interactions in children with T1DM. Particular attention is given to modern molecular diagnostic technologies, microbiome sequencing, salivary biomarkers, and future perspectives of precision dentistry. The available evidence suggests that comprehensive assessment of microbial composition together with local immune biomarkers may substantially improve risk stratification, early diagnosis, and personalized prevention of alveolitis in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.