Isolation And Identification of Bacteria from The Staff Hands of Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq.
Keywords:
Pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic resistance, MRSA, Healthcare-associated infectionAbstract
Healthcare professionals, hospital workers, and patients regularly touch items that contain infections or serve as sources of pathogens. The aim of this study is to isolation and identification of bacteria from the hands of health care workers. 60 samples were collected from hospital employees for analysis. Cultural, biochemical, and microscopic characteristics were used to identify organisms.102 bacterial isolates were detected, 30% had mono-microbial colonies and 70% displayed poly-microbial colonies. The percentage of Bacillus species and Staphylococcus aureus was 21.7% of the bacteria specimens, while the percentage of Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus species and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 28.3, 20 and 20 %, respectively and percentage of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species were 16.7 and 15.0% respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that develop preventative methods as well as potential treatment options.
References
Al-Qahtani, A. A., Al-Thani, A. A., & Al-Jasser, A. M. "Analysis of Microorganisms in Hospital Environments and Potential Risks". Journal: The Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. Volume: 29 (1). Pages: 34-40. Year: 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.007.
Otter, J. A., Donskey, C. J., Yezli, S., & Garey, K. W. "The Role of the Environment and Colonization in Healthcare-Associated Infections". Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. Volume: 42(11). Pages: 1274-1281. Year: 2021. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.234.
Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Abu Bakar M. Health care-associated infections - an overview. Infect Drug Resist. 2018 Nov 15; 11:2321-2333. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S177247. PMID: 30532565; PMCID: PMC6245375. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Preventing infections acquired during health care delivery: A global report (WHO, 2022).
Mushabati NA, Samutela MT, Yamba K, Ngulube J, Nakazwe R, Nkhoma P, Kalonda A. Bacterial contamination of mobile phones of healthcare workers at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. Infect Prev Pract. 2021 Feb 15;3(2):100126. doi: 10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100126. PMID: 34368743; PMCID: PMC8336300.Shiferaw.
Barman, A., & Roy, S. "Hospital-acquired infections: Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India". (2023). Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 121(3), 225-229.
Schmidt, M. G., Attaway, H. H., Sharpe, P. A., Joseph John, K. A., Sepkowitz, K. A., & Copper Surfaces Research and Development Group (2021). Sustained reduction of microbial burden on common hospital surfaces through introduction of copper. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 60(1), e01032-21.
Koscova J, Hurnikova Z, Pistl J. Degree of Bacterial Contamination of Mobile Phone and Computer Keyboard Surfaces and Efficacy of Disinfection with Chlorhexidine Di-gluconate and Triclosan to Its Reduction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Oct 12;15(10):2238. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102238. PMID: 30322055; PMCID: PMC6210060.
Yan, J., Wang, E. L., Xu, Y., Li, M., Li, J., Li, Y., ... & Gao, P. "House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection". Journal: Nature Microbiology. Volume: 5(11). Pages: 1369-1380. Year: 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00786-1.
Shekelle PG. Clinical practice guidelines: what's next? JAMA. 2018; 320:757-8. [PMID: 30098168] doi:10.1001/jama.2018.9660.
WHO research agenda on hand hygiene in health care 2023–2030: summary (World Health Organization, 2023).
Nasution TA, Yunita R, Pasaribu AP, Ardinata FM. Effectiveness Hand Washing and Hand Rub Method in Reducing Total Bacteria Colony from Nurses in Medan. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Oct 14;7(20):3380-3383. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.427. PMID: 32002055; PMCID: PMC6980800.
AGREE Next Steps Consortium. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in healthcare. BMJ Open Qual. 2022;11(11): e001367. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-001367.
Nassar MSM, Hazzah WA, Bakr WMK. Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility test results: how guilty a laboratory could be? J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2019;94(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s42506-018-0006-1. Epub 2019 Jan 11. PMID: 30686832; PMCID: PMC6329728.
Haque, M. Z., Islam, M. A., Islam, M. S., Islam, M. S., & Islam, M. N. "Hand hygiene in reducing transient flora on the hands of healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Infection and Public Health. Volume: 15(10). Pages: 1212-1223. Year: 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.07.006.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-fifth informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S28. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2022.
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). "Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Practical Guide for Clinicians". Journal: Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. Volume: 30(11). Pages: 1-23. Year: 2022. DOI: 10.1093/idcp/mfac011.
Robert W. Bauman, Ph.D., William J. Ebeling, Ph.D., Kevin S. Baron, Ph.D., M.D. "Microbiology Laboratory Manual, 13th Edition" Publisher: Pearson. Year: 2022. ISBN: 9780136897368.
CLSI. 28th. Westminster, MD: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; p. M100. [Google Scholar].
Awad Mohammed Al-Qahtani. "Clean hands, safe care: how knowledge, attitude, and practice impact hand hygiene among nurses in Najran, Saudi Arabia". Front Public Health. 2023; 11: 1158678. PMCID: PMC10372436. PMID: 37521984. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1158678.
Pittet, D., Allegranzi, B., Boyce, J. M., Berrington, A., Cooper, B. S., Dharan, S. "Infection control and quality health care in the new millennium: challenges and opportunities". World Health Organization. Journal: Lancet Infectious Diseases. Volume: 21(10). Pages: 1263-1279. Year: 2021. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00223-1.
Singh S. and Singh A. K. (2016) Prevalence of bacteria contaminating the hands of health care workers during routine patient care: A hospital-based study. J. Acad. Clin. Microbiol.18, 60-62.
Al-Tawfiq, J. A., Al-Shahrani, M. M., Al-Rabia, M. M., Al-Qurayshi, Z. A., Al-Rubaian, G. A., & Bokhari, F. A... "Hand hygiene compliance and MRSA colonization among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia". Journal: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. Volume: 29(12). Pages: 4737-4742. Year: 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.09.022.
James B. Downs, MD; David R. Flum, MD; Michael J. Klowden, MD; Kristin L. Krause, MD; William J. Marchessault, MD; Peter A. Shekelle, MD, PhD. "Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in Children". Journal: Pediatrics. Volume: 150(1). Pages: e43-e51. Year: 2022. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-055701.